scholarly journals Liver diseases: The pathogenetic role of the gut microbiome and the potential of treatment for its modulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Aitbaev ◽  
I T Murkamilov ◽  
V V Fomin
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Multicenter Studies ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

The paper gives an update on the role of the gut microbiome (GM) in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, liver cirrhosis (LC), and its complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and discusses the possibilities of its correction with prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The pathophysiology of the liver diseases in question demonstrates some common features that are characterized by pathogenic changes in the composition of the gastrointestinal tract microflora, by intestinal barrier impairments, by development of endotoxemia, by increased liver expression of proinflammatory factors, and by development of liver inflammation. In progressive liver disease, the above changes are more pronounced, which contributes to the development of LC, HE, and HCC. GM modulation using prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and FMT diminishes dysbacteriosis, strengthens the intestinal mucosal barrier, reduces endotoxemia and liver damage, and positively affects the clinical manifestations of HE. Further investigations are needed, especially in humans, firstly, to assess a relationship of GM to the development of liver diseases in more detail and, secondly, to obtain evidence indicating the therapeutic efficacy of GM-modulating agents in large-scale, well-designed, randomized, controlled, multicenter studies.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Cirrhosis Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, diseases such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease of other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver fibrosis.

Role of the Inflammasome in Liver Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelle de Carvalho Ribeiro ◽  
Gyongyi Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Proinflammatory Response ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Different Types

The involvement of inflammasomes in the proinflammatory response observed in chronic liver diseases, such as alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is widely recognized. Although there are different types of inflammasomes, most studies to date have given attention to NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) in the pathogenesis of ALD, NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. Canonical inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that are assembled after the sensing of danger signals and activate caspase-1, which matures interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-37 and also induces a form of cell death called pyroptosis. Noncanonical inflammasomes activate caspase-11 to induce pyroptosis. We discuss the different types of inflammasomes involved in liver diseases with a focus on ( a) signals and mechanisms of inflammasome activation, ( b) the role of different types of inflammasomes and their products in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, and ( c) potential therapeutic strategies targeting components of the inflammasomes or cytokines produced upon inflammasome activation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the gut microbiome: Are bacteria responsible for fatty liver?

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (6) ◽  
pp. 408-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien S Dong ◽  
Jonathan P Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Over the last several years, a growing body of literature has linked the gut microbiome to human health and diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This paper will review the current literature investigating the influence of diets associated with metabolic disorders on the microbiome and how those changes promote susceptibility to metabolic disorders. It will then focus in-depth on the role of the gut microbiome in NAFLD. The review will highlight associations of microbial composition and function with progression of NAFLD in patients and discuss potential mechanisms that link the gut microbiome to NAFLD. Finally, it will address limitations of existing studies along with future directions for microbiome research in NAFLD, including potential microbe-related treatments. Impact statement This invited minireview for the upcoming thematic issue on the microbiome addresses the role of the microbiome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The incidence of NAFLD has increased greatly in recent years in parallel with the rise in obesity and is now believed to have a population prevalence of 20–40%. It is anticipated to soon become the primary cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, and unfortunately, there are few treatment options. Therefore, there is a critical need for improved understanding of NAFLD pathophysiology to provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we have reviewed evidence from human and animal model studies that have associated microbiome composition and microbial metabolites with development and progression of NAFLD. We have also discussed proposed mechanisms by which the microbiome could contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis and addressed future directions for this field.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, genetic conditions such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease from other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver cirrhosis.

scholarly journals Muscle Loss in Chronic Liver Diseases: The Example of Nonalcoholic Liver Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pascal De Bandt ◽  
Prasanthi Jegatheesan ◽  
Naouel Tennoune-El-Hafaia
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
De Novo Lipogenesis ◽  
Muscle Loss ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Muscle Homeostasis

Recent publications highlight a frequent loss of muscle mass in chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and its association with a poorer prognosis. In NAFLD, given the role of muscle in energy metabolism, muscle loss promotes disease progression. However, liver damage may be directly responsible of this muscle loss. Indeed, muscle homeostasis depends on the balance between peripheral availability and action of anabolic effectors and catabolic signals. Moreover, insulin resistance of protein metabolism only partially explains muscle loss during NAFLD. Interestingly, some data indicate specific alterations in the liver–muscle axis, particularly in situations such as excess fructose/sucrose consumption, associated with increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this context, the liver will be responsible for a decrease in the peripheral availability of anabolic factors such as hormones and amino acids, and for the production of catabolic effectors such as various hepatokines, methylglyoxal, and uric acid. A better understanding of these liver–muscle interactions could open new therapeutic opportunities for the management of NAFLD patients.

scholarly journals Role of gut microbiota in liver disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G84-G98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somaya A. M. Albhaisi ◽  
Jasmohan S. Bajaj ◽  
Arun J. Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Normal Composition

The gut microbiome is the natural intestinal inhabitant that has been recognized recently as a major player in the maintenance of human health and the pathophysiology of many diseases. Those commensals produce metabolites that have various effects on host biological functions. Therefore, alterations in the normal composition or diversity of microbiome have been implicated in various diseases, including liver cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that progression of dysbiosis can be associated with worsening of liver disease. Here, we review the possible roles for gut microbiota in the development, progression, and complication of liver disease.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjoy Roychowdhury ◽  
Praveen Selvakumar ◽  
Gail Cresci
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
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