Musculoskeletal MRI Findings of Haematological Diseases

Background Hematologic diseases are a group of prevalent and clinically diverse diseases that can affect any organ system. Hematologic disorders frequently involve bone and associated tissues causing significant alterations in the bone marrow and may have relevant side effects on the skeleton. In order to evaluate findings in bone marrow on MR imaging, it is essential to understand the normal composition and distribution of bone marrow and the changes in marrow that occur with age, as well as the basis for the MR signals from marrow and the factors that affect those signals. Aim of the Work To describe the musculoskeletal MRI findings in patients with hematological diseases. Patients and Methods cross sectional study was conducted in Ain Shams University hospitals on patients confirmed with hematological disease undergoing musculoskeletal MRI. Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging is very beneficial noninvasive modality to evaluate bone marrow and detecting marrow lesions due to its ability to provide information at the level of cellular and chemical composition. Knowing normal marrow components and composition and their variation, as well as of factors that affect MR signal intensity, is important for optimal interpretation of MR images. The signal intensity, morphology, and location of marrow findings on MRI can be used to provide accurate diagnoses and to guide treatment of the discussed hematological diseases.

Recent Progress in Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanostructures in the Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds

Air is the most crucial and life-supporting input from nature to the living beings of the planet. The composition and quality of air significantly affects human health, either directly or indirectly. The presence of some industrially released gases, small particles of anthropogenic origin, and the deviation from the normal composition of air from the natural condition causes air pollution. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common contaminants found as indoor as well as outdoor pollutants. Such pollutants represent acute or chronic health hazards to the human physiological system. In the environment, such polluted gases may cause chemical or photochemical smog, leading to detrimental effects such as acid rain, global warming, and environmental pollution through different routes. Ultimately, this will propagate into the food web and affect the ecosystem. In this context, the efficient removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the environment remains a major threat globally, yet satisfactory strategies and auxiliary materials are far from being in place. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are known as an advanced class of porous coordination polymers, a smart material constructed from the covalently bonded and highly ordered arrangements of metal nodes and polyfunctional organic linkers with an organic–inorganic hybrid nature, high porosities and surface areas, abundant metal/organic species, large pore volumes, and elegant tunability of structures and compositions, making them ideal candidates for the removal of unwanted VOCs from air. This review summarizes the fundamentals of MOFs and VOCs with recent research progress on MOF-derived nanostructures/porous materials and their composites for the efficient removal of VOCs in the air, the remaining challenges, and some prospective for future efforts.

Impact of Offspring Sex and Dam’s Pre-partum Vaccination on Colostrum Composition and Blood Hormones in Egyptian Buffaloes

An The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of both the gender of the new-born calf and the pre-partum vaccination status of the dam (ScourGuard-4K) on the chemical composition and some biological parameters of the colostrum. Blood serum was collected from four groups of pregnant dams (four animals in each group) during the dry period (vaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a male fetus, vaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a female fetus, unvaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a male fetus, and unvaccinated buffalo dams pregnant with a female fetus), in the pregnancy period, at the giving-birth period and after 24 hours of postpartum. The levels of insulin-like growth factor hormone (IGF-1) and immunoglobuline G (IgG) were calculated in the maternal blood serum at the assigned periods. Colostrum samples were collected at the birth time and 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after birth for measuring the chemical composition of the colostrum, as well as levels of IgG and IGF-1. Results of the current study showed that colostrum of dams that gave birth to male fetus had a richer content of IgG and IGF-1 levels and a higher percentage of total solids, solids-not-fat, total protein, fat, and lactose. Additionally, vaccination improved the same colostrum components except for IGF-1, which was not positively influenced by the vaccination. Generally, colostrum components were the highest at the birth time, then it decreased gradually up to 72 hours after the birth except that for the percentage of fat and lactose which showed gradual increases up to 72 hours to reach the normal composition of milk.

DETECTION OF METABOLIC DISORDERS IN HIGH PRODUCTIVE COWS

ANNOTATION The productivity of cows is closely related to the level of metabolism in animals. At different stages of animal development, the intensity of metabolic processes varies significantly. The study of the mechanisms of such changes can significantly help in the regulation of metabolic processes, increase the productivity and quality of milk. In the course of research, the causes of metabolic disorders in highly productive Simmental cows were studied. Using clinical indicators of urine, milk, dispensary examination of cows and statistical analysis made by us, the frequency of occurrence of clinical signs characterizing metabolic disorders in animals was established. Of the 40 animals studied, 11 heads (28 %) showed a healthy state of the body, 9 heads (22 %) showed weak rumination, in turn, 10 heads (25 %) showed a decrease in appetite, 2 heads (5 %) showed udder edema, and 8 heads (20 %) showed general depression of the body. During the veterinary and sanitary evaluation of milk according to the main indicators, changes were detected in animals with metabolic disorders, which leads to a decrease in the quality of milk and dairy products. The most important condition for obtaining milk with a normal composition and properties is a balanced feeding of cows in all elements. Incomplete provision of animals with the necessary nutrients and energy contributes to a decrease not only in milk yield, but also to a change in the amount and ratio of milk components, which reduces biological characteristics and technological indicators.

Development and Functions of the Infant Gut Microflora: Western vs. Indian Infants

The human gut is colonized by trillions of bacteria as well as other microorganisms, collectively referred to as the “gut microflora.” This microflora plays an important role in metabolism as well as immunity, and alterations in its normal composition and pattern of colonization can disturb the development and functioning of the immune system, predisposing the individual to several diseases. Neonates acquire their gut microflora from the mother as well as the surroundings, and as the infant grows, the gut microflora undergoes several changes, ultimately acquiring an adult-like composition. Characterization of the gut microflora of healthy infants is important to protect infants from infectious diseases. Furthermore, formulation of prebiotics and probiotics for boosting infant immunity in a specific population also requires prior knowledge of the normal gut microflora in a healthy infant in that population. To this end, several studies have been performed on Western infants; however, the gut microflora of Indian infants is as yet insufficiently studied. Moreover, there has been no comparative analysis of the development and characteristics of the infant gut microflora between the two populations. In this review, we discuss the development and maturation of the infant gut microflora and its effect on immunity, as well as the factors affecting the patterns of colonization. In addition, we compare the patterns of colonization of gut microflora between Western and Indian infants based on the available literature in an attempt to identify the extent of similarity or difference between the two populations.

Role of gut microbiota in liver disease

The gut microbiome is the natural intestinal inhabitant that has been recognized recently as a major player in the maintenance of human health and the pathophysiology of many diseases. Those commensals produce metabolites that have various effects on host biological functions. Therefore, alterations in the normal composition or diversity of microbiome have been implicated in various diseases, including liver cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that progression of dysbiosis can be associated with worsening of liver disease. Here, we review the possible roles for gut microbiota in the development, progression, and complication of liver disease.

Resistance and resilience to experimental gingivitis: a systematic scoping review

Background This systematic scoping review aimed to identify changes in biomarkers of microbiological, immunological and biochemical origin during experimental gingivitis (EG) studies that might indicate resistance and resilience. Methods The term ‘experimental gingivitis’ was run in PubMed from inception to April 11th, 2018. From the 411 studies retrieved, 22 studies were included for this review. Results Studies reporting data on biomarker changes during and after full mouth EG trial were included. Two studies reported findings on changes in biomarkers of microbiological, 12 on immunological and eight on biochemical origin. Changes were reported in the induction phase, and occasionally in the resolution phase. The microbiological composition of both supragingival and subgingival dental plaque changed over the course of EG to a more pathogenic direction, but showed a shift back to a more normal composition. This indicates resilience of the oral microbiome. For immunological biomarkers, it was challenging to retrieve a robust pattern of changes across multiple studies. IL-1β and IL-6 in saliva and in gingival crevicular fluid increased during induction phase and returned in the resolution phase below baseline values. The biochemical parameters cystatin-SN, cystatin-S and lactoferrin in saliva were increased at the end of induction phase, however also here no clear pattern emerged based on all available studies. Conclusions More research is needed to investigate which microbiological, immunological, and biochemical biomarkers can be useful for future investigations into the resistance and resilience of the oral cavity to experimental gingivitis.