scholarly journals Role of gut microbiota in liver disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G84-G98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somaya A. M. Albhaisi ◽  
Jasmohan S. Bajaj ◽  
Arun J. Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Normal Composition

The gut microbiome is the natural intestinal inhabitant that has been recognized recently as a major player in the maintenance of human health and the pathophysiology of many diseases. Those commensals produce metabolites that have various effects on host biological functions. Therefore, alterations in the normal composition or diversity of microbiome have been implicated in various diseases, including liver cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that progression of dysbiosis can be associated with worsening of liver disease. Here, we review the possible roles for gut microbiota in the development, progression, and complication of liver disease.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Cirrhosis Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, diseases such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease of other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals Role of Bile Acids in Dysbiosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caihua Wang ◽  
Chunpeng Zhu ◽  
Liming Shao ◽  
Jun Ye ◽  
Yimin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Bile Acid Receptors

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health threat around the world and is characterized by dysbiosis. Primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and converted into secondary bile acids by gut microbiota. Recent studies support the role of bile acids in modulating dysbiosis and NAFLD, while the mechanisms are not well elucidated. Dysbiosis may alter the size and the composition of the bile acid pool, resulting in reduced signaling of bile acid receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). These receptors are essential in lipid and glucose metabolism, and impaired bile acid signaling may cause NAFLD. Bile acids also reciprocally regulate the gut microbiota directly via antibacterial activity and indirectly via FXR. Therefore, bile acid signaling is closely linked to dysbiosis and NAFLD. During the past decade, stimulation of bile acid receptors with their agonists has been extensively explored for the treatment of NAFLD in both animal models and clinical trials. Early evidence has suggested the potential of bile acid receptor agonists in NAFLD management, but their long-term safety and effectiveness need further clarification.

scholarly journals The Role of Probiotics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A New Insight into Therapeutic Strategies

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marica Meroni ◽  
Miriam Longo ◽  
Paola Dongiovanni
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of pathological hepatic conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may predispose to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to the epidemic obesity, NAFLD is representing a global health issue and the leading cause of liver damage worldwide. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely related to insulin resistance (IR), adiposity and physical inactivity as well as genetic and epigenetic factors corroborate to the development and progression of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. Emerging evidence has outlined the implication of gut microbiota and gut-derived endotoxins as actively contributors to NAFLD pathophysiology probably due to the tight anatomo-functional crosstalk between the gut and the liver. Obesity, nutrition and environmental factors might alter intestinal permeability producing a favorable micro-environment for bacterial overgrowth, mucosal inflammation and translocation of both invasive pathogens and harmful byproducts, which, in turn, influence hepatic fat composition and exacerbated pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes. To date, no therapeutic interventions are available for NAFLD prevention and management, except for modifications in lifestyle, diet and physical exercise even though they show discouraging results due to the poor compliance of patients. The premise of this review is to discuss the role of gut–liver axis in NAFLD and emphasize the beneficial effects of probiotics on gut microbiota composition as a novel attractive therapeutic strategy to introduce in clinical practice.

scholarly journals The impact of PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 in cirrhosis related complications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruki Uojima ◽  
Xue Shao ◽  
Taeang Arai ◽  
Yuji ogawa ◽  
Toru Setsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Fibrosis Progression ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients ◽  
The Impact

Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) and transmembrane 6-superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) polymorphisms have major impact for fibrosis due to steatohepatitis. However, there are scant data about correlations between cirrhosis-related complications and the polymorphisms of these genes. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of the PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 polymorphisms in fibrosis progression for patients with liver cirrhosis. A multicenter study was performed at six hospitals in Japan enrolling 400 patients with liver cirrhosis caused by virus (n = 157), alcohol (n = 104), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n = 106), or autoimmune disease (n = 33). These cirrhotic patients included those with complications of variceal bleeding, hepatic ascites, and/or hepatic encephalopathy and those without. To assess the role of the PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 polymorphisms in patients with cirrhosis related complications, we calculated the odds ratio and relative risk for the rs738409 and rs58542926 polymorphisms. We also accessed whether or not the interaction between these two polymorphisms contributed to cirrhosis related complications. As a result, the odds ratio for complications in the NAFLD group significantly increased in the presence of the rs738409 GG genotype when the CC genotype was used as the reference. There were no significant risks between complications and the presence of the rs738409 G allele in the virus or alcohol groups. There were no significant risks of complications in the frequency of the rs58542926 T polymorphism regardless of the etiology of liver cirrhosis. The interaction between the trs738409 and rs58542926 polymorphisms had the highest odds ratio of 2.415 for complications in the rs738409 GG + rs58542926 (CT+TT) group when rs738409 (CC+CG) + TM6SF2 CC was used as the reference in the NAFLD group.

scholarly journals Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the gut microbiome: Are bacteria responsible for fatty liver?

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (6) ◽  
pp. 408-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien S Dong ◽  
Jonathan P Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Over the last several years, a growing body of literature has linked the gut microbiome to human health and diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This paper will review the current literature investigating the influence of diets associated with metabolic disorders on the microbiome and how those changes promote susceptibility to metabolic disorders. It will then focus in-depth on the role of the gut microbiome in NAFLD. The review will highlight associations of microbial composition and function with progression of NAFLD in patients and discuss potential mechanisms that link the gut microbiome to NAFLD. Finally, it will address limitations of existing studies along with future directions for microbiome research in NAFLD, including potential microbe-related treatments. Impact statement This invited minireview for the upcoming thematic issue on the microbiome addresses the role of the microbiome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The incidence of NAFLD has increased greatly in recent years in parallel with the rise in obesity and is now believed to have a population prevalence of 20–40%. It is anticipated to soon become the primary cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, and unfortunately, there are few treatment options. Therefore, there is a critical need for improved understanding of NAFLD pathophysiology to provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we have reviewed evidence from human and animal model studies that have associated microbiome composition and microbial metabolites with development and progression of NAFLD. We have also discussed proposed mechanisms by which the microbiome could contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis and addressed future directions for this field.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Liver Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Young Lee ◽  
Ki Tae Suk
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most prevalent chronic liver diseases worldwide. In addition to viral hepatitis, genetic conditions such as steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and Wilson’s disease can also lead to cirrhosis. Moreover, alcohol can cause cirrhosis on its own and exacerbate chronic liver disease from other causes. The treatment of cirrhosis can be divided into addressing the cause of cirrhosis and reversing liver fibrosis. To this date, there is still no clear consensus on the treatment of cirrhosis. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in potential treatments that modulate the gut microbiota and gut-liver axis for the treatment of cirrhosis. According to recent studies, modulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics ameliorates the progression of liver disease. The precise mechanism for relieving cirrhosis via gut microbial modulation has not been identified. This paper summarizes the role and effects of the gut microbiome in cirrhosis based on experimental and clinical studies on absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Moreover, it provides evidence of a relationship between the gut microbiome and liver cirrhosis.

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