scholarly journals N.I. Vavilov’s theory of centres of diversity in the light of current understanding of wheat diversity, domestication and evolution

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S20-S27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dvorak ◽  
M.-Ch. Luo ◽  
E.D. Akhunov
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Wild Emmer ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Centre Of Diversity ◽  
Centres Of Diversity ◽  
Putative Site ◽  
Crop Origin

N.I. Vavilov hypothesized that the geographical centres of diversity of crops indicate their geographical centres of origin. Vavilov’s conclusions about the geographical origins of einkorn, durum and common wheat agree well with current population and molecular genetic studies when macro-geography is used but agree poorly when they are examined at higher resolution. We examined the causes of such disagreements for tetraploid emmer wheat and hexaploid common and club wheat. Molecular studies suggest that emmer was domesticated in the Diyarbakir region in south-eastern Turkey. Nucleotide diversity of wild emmer in the Diyarbakir region estimated earlier was compared with nucleotide diversity of wild and domesticated emmer across their distribution estimated here. Although domesticated emmer is only half as diverse as wild emmer, it is more diverse than the ancestral wild emmer population in the Diyarbakir region. Its centre of diversity is in the Mediterranean and does not coincide with the geographical centre of emmer origin. A similar disagreement exists in hexaploid wheat. Its centre of molecular diversity is in Turkey, which is west of the putative site of its origin in Transcaucasia and north-western Iran. It is shown that the primary cause of the disagreements between geographical centres of crop diversity and geographical centres of crop origin is gene flow from an ancestor subsequently to crop origin, which modifies the geographical pattern of crop diversity. When such gene flow takes place and when crop is domesticated in a peripheral population of the ancestor, the centre of crop diversity and the centre of crop origin are unlikely to coincide.

scholarly journals Prospects for the Personalized Multimodal Therapy Approach to Pain Management via Action on NO and NOS

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Shnayder ◽  
Marina M. Petrova ◽  
Tatiana E. Popova ◽  
Tatiana K. Davidova ◽  
Olga P. Bobrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Single Nucleotide Variants ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Nos Inhibitors ◽  
Peripheral Pain

Chronic pain syndromes are an important medical problem generated by various molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Back pain, neuropathic pain, and posttraumatic pain are the most important pathological processes associated with chronic pain in adults. Standard approaches to the treatment of them do not solve the problem of pain chronicity. This is the reason for the search for new personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of chronic pain. The nitric oxide (NO) system can play one of the key roles in the development of peripheral pain and its chronicity. The purpose of the study is to review publications devoted to changes in the NO system in patients with peripheral chronical pain syndromes. We have carried out a search for the articles published in e-Library, PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Case, Springer, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using keywords and their combinations. The role of NO and NO synthases (NOS) isoforms in peripheral pain development and chronicity was demonstrated primarily from animal models to humans. The most studied is the neuronal NOS (nNOS). The role of inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) is still under investigation. Associative genetic studies have shown that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes encoding nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS may be associated with acute and chronic peripheral pain. Prospects for the use of NOS inhibitors to modulate the effect of drugs used to treat peripheral pain syndrome are discussed. Associative genetic studies of SNVs NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes are important for understanding genetic predictors of peripheral pain chronicity and development of new personalized pharmacotherapy strategies.

101 New variant prion protein in a Japanese family with Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome : Clinicopathological , molecular genetic studies

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. S25-S26
Author(s):  
H. Furukawa ◽  
H. Tashiro ◽  
Y. Tanaka ◽  
C. Yutani ◽  
T. Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prion Protein ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Japanese Family ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
New Variant

Flavonoids in seeds and grains: physiological function, agronomic importance and the genetics of biosynthesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Winkel Shirley
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Reproductive Structures

AbstractFlavonoids are secondary metabolites that are present at high levels in most plant seeds and grains. These compounds appear to play vital roles in defence against pathogens and predators and contribute to physiological functions such as seed maturation and dormancy. At the same time, particular subclasses of flavonoids, such as the proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), negatively impact the use of seeds and grains in animal feed and can add undesirable qualities to food products for human consumption. This article presents an overview of investigations into the physiological and agronomic aspects of seed and grain flavonoids as well as a review of molecular genetic studies, particularly in maize,Arabidopsisand soybean, where mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis provide useful tools for stydying the metabolic machinery underlying the accumulation of these compounds in reproductive structures.

scholarly journals Cuticular hydrocarbons discriminate cryptic Macrolophus species (Hemiptera: Miridae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gemeno ◽  
N. Laserna ◽  
M. Riba ◽  
J. Valls ◽  
C. Castañé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbons ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbon ◽  
Hydrocarbon Composition ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Control Activity ◽  
Genetic Studies

AbstractMacrolophus pygmaeus is commercially employed in the biological control of greenhouse and field vegetable pests. It is morphologically undistinguishable from the cryptic species M. melanotoma, and this interferes with the evaluation of the biological control activity of M. pygmaeus. We analysed the potential of cuticular hydrocarbon composition as a method to discriminate the two Macrolophus species. A third species, M. costalis, which is different from the other two species by having a dark spot at the tip of the scutellum, served as a control. Sex, diet and species, all had significant effects in the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles, but the variability associated to sex or diet was smaller than among species. Discriminant quadratic analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons confirmed the results of previous molecular genetic studies and showed, using cross-validation methods, that M. pygmaeus can be discriminated from M. costalis and M. melanotoma with prediction errors of 6.75% and 0%, respectively. Therefore, cuticular hydrocarbons can be used to separate M. pygmaeus from M. melanotoma reliably.

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