Biofuel from hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas oil over Ni-Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst

The effects of reaction temperature on the hydrocarbon composition of biofuel produced in hydrocracking of Cerbera manghas oil with Ni-Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst were investigated. The incipient wetness impregnation method was applied to prepare the Ni-Zn/HZSM-5 catalysts. Furthermore, the properties of catalysts were measured by X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrometry, and nitrogen physisorption. Hydrocracking process was carried out in Parr USA pressure batch reactor at pressure of 20 � 5 bar after flowing H2 for 1 h. The reaction with a catalyst/oil ratio of 1 g/150 mL proceeded at various temperatures of 350, 375 and 400 �C for 2 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was�used to analyze biofuel. The most abundant hydrocarbon compounds in biofuel were identified as pentadecane and heptadecane (a major diesel fuel compound) with a different amount at different reaction temperatures. It can be said that the hydrodecarboxylation/decarbonylation routes were the predominant reaction pathways and oxygen removal occurred during hydrocracking. The Cerbera manghas oil can be recommended as a promising biofeed to produce the gasoil as an alternative transportation fuel.

Microstructural wettability of oil and gas condensate zones of the Karachaganak field

The Karachaganak field is represented by gas condensate and oil zones, a convenient object for studying changes in microstructural wettability during the transition from one zone to another. Microstructural wettability was characterized by a hydrophobization coefficient, Ѳн, which determines the proportion of the pore surface area occupied by adsorbed hydrocarbons. It was found that Ѳн of the samples of the gas and gas condensate zones is the same (on average 0.140), the oil zone - on average 0.250. Analysis of the IR spectra of extracted hydrocarbons showed that the microstructural wettability of the oil zone contains more aromatic, aliphatic, oxidized and sulfur-containing structures and fewer branched structures than in the gas condensate zone. The microstructural wettability of carbonate reservoirs depends on the hydrocarbon composition of the adsorbed oil. Keywords: microstructural wettability; hydrophobic coefficient; hydrocarbons; spectral coefficients.

TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION FOR MODIFICATION OF THE DESIGN OF HEATING DEVICES FOR FOOD PRODUCTION

Предложено технологическое решение для тепловых аппаратов пищевых производств, обеспечивающее снижение расхода энергоресурсов за счет автоматического регулирования температуры пламени, а также возможность функционирования на жидком и газообразном топливе без замены теплогенерирующего устройства. За счет конструктивных изменений устройства розжига и автоматизации подачи топлива в зависимости от его вида и требуемой температуры разогрева теплового блока возможна эксплуатация теплового аппарата в условиях низких температур окружающей среды. Модификация теплового блока обеспечивает возможность автоматического перехода работы теплового аппарата от топлива с низкой температурой воспламенения к топливу с более высокой. Предлагаемые изменения конструкции теплогенерирующего устройства позволяют расширить возможность управления температурой пламени с учетом температуры окружающей среды. Проведены теоретические и экспериментальные исследования работы тепловых аппаратов. Выявлено, что эффективность использования энергии от сгорания жидкого и газообразного топлива при разной концентрации углеводородного состава может быть обеспечена за счет использования термокапиллярного эффекта. Применение разработанного технического устройства автоматизации процессов подачи топлива и терморегулирования при работе теплогенерирующих элементов в конструкции тепловых блоков позволяет получить экономический эффект при сжигании жидкого топлива и повысить эффективность использования энергии от сгорания жидкого и газообразного топлива при разной концентрации углеводородного состава. A technological solution for heating devices of food production, which provides a reduction in energy consumption due to automatic control of the flame temperature, as well as the possibility of functioning on liquid and gaseous fuels without replacing the heat generating device, is proposed. Due to the design changes of the ignition device and automation of fuel supply, depending on its type and the required heating temperature of the thermal unit, the operation of the heating device in low ambient temperatures is possible. The modification of the heat block makes it possible to automatically switch the operation of the heat apparatus from fuel with a low ignition temperature to fuel with a higher one. The proposed changes in the design of the heat generating device make it possible to expand the possibility of controlling the flame temperature taking into account the ambient temperature. Theoretical and experimental studies of the operation of thermal devices have been carried out. It is revealed that the efficiency of using energy from the combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels at different concentrations of hydrocarbon composition can be ensured by using the thermocapillary effect. The application of the developed technical device for automating the processes of fuel supply and thermal regulation during the operation of heat-generating elements in the design of thermal blocks allows to obtain an economic effect when burning liquid fuel and increase the efficiency of using energy from the combustion of liquid and gaseous fuels at different concentrations of hydrocarbon composition.

Rekayasa Nilai Kriteria Desain Fasilitas Produksi Gas Alam

Natural gas is one of the primary hydrocarbon energies in Indonesia. The construction of natural gas production facilities is essential to accommodate domestic energy needs. These facilities include production, pipelines, and processing facilities in an integrated manner. This study used the hydrocarbon composition of Field-X with an average of 7.62% CO2 and 0.06% H2S. The alternative design uses a fixed platform (fixed platform), MOPU (Mobile Offshore Production Unit), and a Semi-Submersible platform. The design comparison criteria are capital expenditure (CapEx), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), work completion time, safety risk, and flexibility of future facility development. Through the comparison method, it is found that Option A is the best option, which has a design criterion value of 57%, a higher NPV of $43,537,469.58 than the smallest NPV option, an IRR of 19%, and a payout time (POT) of 5 years. Option A uses a fixed platform with a pipeline to the north, the hydrocarbon separation process is carried out on an offshore platform, and the processing is carried out onshore. ABSTRAKGas alam merupakan salah satu energi hidrokarbon utama di Indonesia. Pembangunan fasilitas produksinya sangat penting untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan energi dalam negeri. Fasilitas ini meliputi produksi, jalur pemipaan, dan fasilitas pengolahan hidrokarbon secara terintegrasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan komposisi hidrokarbon dari Lapangan-X dengan rata-rata CO2 7.62% dan H2S 0.06%. Alternatif desain menggunakan anjungan tetap (fix platform), MOPU (Mobile Offshore Production Unit), dan anjungan Semi-Submersible. Kriteria perbandingan desain adalah modal awal, nilai bersih saat ini (NPV), tingkat pengembalian internal (IRR), waktu penyelesaian pekerjaan, resiko keselamatan, dan flexibilitas pengembangan fasilitas kedepan. Melalui metode perbandingan yang dipadankan didapatkan Opsi A adalah opsi terbaik, yang memiliki nilai kriteria desain 57%, NPV lebih tinggi $43,537,469.58 dibanding opsi NPV terkecil, IRR 19% dan waktu pembayaran (payout time/POT) 5 tahun. Opsi A menggunakan anjungan tetap dengan jalur pemipaan ke arah Utara, proses separasi hidrokarbon dilakukan pada anjungan lepas pantai (offshore) dan pengolahannya dilakukan di darat (onshore).

Transformation of oil dispersed systems during operation

Using the example of oil road bitumen grades BND 100/130, BND 130/200 and BND 70/100, this article studies the transformation of oil dispersed systems under various logistic schemes of operation. This research focuses on the influence of the conditions for storing road bitumens of different grades on their physical and mechanical properties and group hydrocarbon composition during transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. The results show that a change in the physical and mechanical properties of road bitumens during high-temperature storage is related to the changes in the group hydrocarbon composition due to the hydrocarbons autooxidation and destabilization of the colloidal structure of dispersal systems. The conditions for storing bitumen with a minimum change in its quality indicators have been determined. It has been established that storage of bitumen under atmospheric conditions allows preserving its original properties without significant changes. There is evidence that nitrogen purging significantly reduces the effect of homolytic processes leading to the transformation of oil dispersed systems during further transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer. Experimental data confirm that of all basic physical and mechanical properties of bitumen, “the depth of penetration of needle” is the most sensitive index, while the “softening temperature” index, frequently used for quality control of bitumen, is inertial. Determining the change in penetration, depending on the duration of storing bitumen, has required formulating a special equation. It has been established that when storing road bitumen at a temperature of 180 ºС, for each hour the index of the penetration depth of the needle at 25 º decreases by 0.8 units. Organizational and technical measures have been determined to ensure the stability of the road bitumen quality during manufacture, storage and transportation to consumers.