scholarly journals Biosynthesis of food constituents: Amino acids: 4. Non-protein amino acids – a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Velíšek ◽  
R. Kubec ◽  
K. Cejpek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Basic Amino Acids ◽  
Hydroxyamino Acids ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Sulfur Containing

This review article gives a brief survey of the principal pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of the most important non-protein amino acids occurring in foods and feeds. These amino acids have been divided into the following groups: 3-amino acids and 4-amino acids, N-substituted amino acids, alicyclic amino acids, hydroxyamino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, basic amino acids, and taurine.  

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Roles of the Reverse Transsulfuration Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Diana Paul
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Transsulfuration Pathway ◽  
Sulfur Containing

The reverse transsulfuration pathway has emerged as a central hub that integrates the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and redox homeostasis. Transsulfuration involves the transfer of sulfur from homocysteine to cysteine. Cysteine serves as the precursor for several sulfur-containing molecules, which play diverse roles in cellular processes. Recent evidence shows that disruption of the flux through the pathway has deleterious consequences. In this review article, I will discuss the actions and regulation of the reverse transsulfuration pathway and its links to other metabolic pathways, which are disrupted in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The potential nodes of therapeutic intervention are also discussed, which may pave the way for the development of novel treatments.

scholarly journals Nutritional Composition of Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Siti Khotijah ◽  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Fatma Muchdar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Protein Amino Acids

Seaweed is one of the important marine commodities and is a leading commodity. Seaweed K. alvarezii is a type of carrageenan-producing seaweed, as a food source for humans, pharmaceutical ingredients, as a thickener, stabilizer and emulsion.Carrageenan is used in food products, pharmaceuticals, textile cosmetics, toothpaste and other industries. Seaweed has a fairly complete nutritional content. Chemically seaweed consists of water (27.8%), protein (5.4%), carbohydrate (33.3%), fat (8.6%), crude fiber (3%), and ash (22.5%). This review article aims to reveal the nutritional composition of seaweed K. alvarezii, especially protein, amino acids, fat, ash content, minerals and vitamins. Seaweed  K. alvarezii has nutritional composition values such as protein, amino acids, fat, ash content, minerals and vitamins that vary in nutritional value.

Sulfur amino acids: from prebiotic chemistry to biology and vice versa

Synthesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sparta Youssef-Saliba ◽  
Yannick Vallée
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Prebiotic Chemistry ◽  
Prebiotic Synthesis ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acids ◽  
Methionine Residue ◽  
Catalytic Sites ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Two sulfur containing amino acids are included in the list of the 20 classical protein amino acids. A methionine residue is introduced at the start of the synthesis of all current proteins. Cysteine, thanks to its thiol function, plays an essential role in a very large number of catalytic sites. Here we present what is known about the prebiotic synthesis of these two amino acids and homocysteine, and we discuss their introduction into primitive peptides and more elaborate proteins.

Methionine-Specific Staining of Collagen

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 294-295
Author(s):  
E.M. Kuhn ◽  
K.D. Marenus ◽  
M. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Fibers composed of different types of collagen cannot be differentiated by conventional electron microscopic stains. We are developing staining procedures aimed at identifying collagen fibers of different types.Pt(Gly-L-Met)Cl binds specifically to sulfur-containing amino acids. Different collagens have methionine (met) residues at somewhat different positions. A good correspondence has been reported between known met positions and Pt(GLM) bands in rat Type I SLS (collagen aggregates in which molecules lie adjacent to each other in exact register). We have confirmed this relationship in Type III collagen SLS (Fig. 1).

Does the polyamine carrier system absorb basic amino acids?

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A142-A142
Author(s):  
J GASKEY ◽  
E SEIDEL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Basic Amino Acids

Atypical amino acids inhibit histidine, valine, or lysine transport into rat brain

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (4) ◽  
pp. R556-R563 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Tews ◽  
A. E. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Basic Amino Acids ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Single Meal

Transport of histidine, valine, or lysine into rat brain slices and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was determined in the presence of atypical nonprotein amino acids. Competitors of histidine and valine transport in slices were large neutral amino acids including norleucine, norvaline, alpha-aminooctanoate, beta-methylphenylalanine, and alpha-aminophenylacetate. Less effective were aromatic amino acids with ring substituents; ineffective were basic amino acids and omega-amino isomers of norleucine and aminooctanoate. Lysine transport was moderately depressed by homoarginine or ornithine plus arginine; large neutral amino acids were also similarly inhibitory. Histidine or valine transport across the BBB was also strongly inhibited by large neutral amino acids that were the most effective competitors in the slices (norvaline, norleucine, alpha-aminooctanoate, and alpha-aminophenylacetate); homoarginine and 8-aminooctanoate were ineffective. Homoarginine, ornithine, and arginine almost completely blocked lysine transport, but the large neutral amino acids were barely inhibitory. When rats were fed a single meal containing individual atypical large neutral amino acids or homoarginine, brain pools of certain large neutral amino acids or of arginine and lysine, respectively, were depleted.

scholarly journals THE BASIC AMINO ACIDS OF WOOL

1930 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Hubert Bradford Vickery ◽  
Richard J. Block
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Basic Amino Acids
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