scholarly journals Sound mapping and acoustic simulations in the implementation of the northern stretch of the Green Line in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Kirrian Fiedler ◽  
Erik de Lima Andrade

The present study aims to study environmental noise pollution in areas close to the northern stretch of the Green Line, in Curitiba, PR, Brazil, which has a length of approximately 8 km. For this purpose, in situ measurements of sound levels were carried out and noise pollution was evaluated through the calculation of noise maps in addition to acoustic simulations. Measurements were recorded at 16 points following the guidelines of the NBR 10151. Acoustic maps were made for each point using proper acoustic software. The aim was to verify whether measured values were within a margin error of up to 4.6 dB(A) compared to simulated values. After validating the maps and verifying the noise pollution at the selected points, one of the points, which is close to a hospital, was analyzed alone to evaluate different simulation scenarios. The selected scenarios were replacement of common asphalt for one with porous properties; 90% restriction on the quantity of heavy vehicles; reduction of average speed of vehicles from 80 km/h to 60 km/h; 50% restriction on the number of vehicles of all categories; and acoustic situation of the site, including all the measurements proposed in the previous scenarios. All scenarios presented in this work reveal that the measurements adopted were not sufficient to reach 55 dB(A) near sensitive areas such as hospitals. They also show that just one control measure is not enough to lower noise efficiently. A plan with several joint measures is needed to alleviate the problem.

Transport ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandras Jagniatinskis ◽  
Boris Fiks ◽  
Marius Mickaitis

The necessity to check requirements for sound insulation of new building façades against outdoor noise and for estimating noise pollution of the residential area comprise the assessment of environmental noise taking in situ measurements that are mainly carried out under the standardized method presented in the EU directives and Lithuanian legislation. For these estimations, annual composite daily equivalent sound pressure level Ldеn becomes obligatory. When the value of this descriptor is determined from measurements, it is relevant to reasonably reduce a time interval of the performed measurement. The possibilities of determining the noise level Ld ,12h of the day (12h) undertaking annual Lden assessment making short-term (15÷60 min.) measurements is dealt in this work. In this way, the sensitivity of the set of statistical descriptors to variations in sound pressure levels was investigated. The paper proposes that the obtained instantaneous A-weighted sound pressure levels with F (fast) time weighting histogram of distribution density may be used for characterizing noise pollution in the sites. When traffic noise emitted from arterial town roads with stationary traffic takes a dominating position, the form of these histograms is close to normal distribution density with corresponding statistical parameters: average, standard deviation, asymmetry coefficient and percentiles. The experimental measurements have established that an asymmetry coefficient and an introduced descriptor– the rank of percentile Neq% are the most sensitive to noise variations. The last one is more preferable due to its exclusive relationships with an equivalent level– the corresponding value of this rank of percentile PNeq that coincides with the equivalent level of the measured time interval. It has been found that the introduced descriptor Neq is very sensitive for indicating the dissimilarity of environmental noise (the presence of a casual impulse or high energy noise events). In-situ measurements of the vicinity of roads with intensive traffic in Vilnius City, where stationary urban traffic noise is dominating, indicate that the values of Neq rank obtained during short-term (15÷60 min) intervals in the period from7:00 to 19:00 are stable and vary from 69% to 74%. When non-stability occurs, a significant increase in the values of this descriptor may be applied as criteria for indicating noise events other than traffic noise and may be used for determining the interval limits of short-term stationary measurement. Santrauka Projektuojant naujus gyvenamuosius pastatus, vertinant gyvenamųjų vietų taršą Lietuvoje ir Europos Sąjungos valstybėse, privaloma vertinti aplinkos triukšmą. Tam taikomas privalomas metinis mišrusis paros ekvivalentinis garso slėgio lygis Ldvn . Kai šio rodiklio vertė matuojama, svarbu pagrįstai mažinti matavimo trukmę. Nagrinėjamos 12 dienos valandų ekvivalentinio garso slėgio lygio Ld ,12h , įeinančio į rodiklį Ldvn , nustatymo trukmės sumažinimo galimybės. Šiam tikslui nagrinėjamas gaunamų rezultatų įvairių statistinių rodiklių jautrumas garso slėgio lygio pokyčiams. Parodyta, kad gaunamos momentinių A svertinių garso slėgio lygių su F laiko svertimi tankio pasiskirstymo histogramos gali būti taikomos triukšmo aplinkai apibūdinti. Kai aplinkos triukšme dominuoja nuo arterinių miesto kelių sklindantis intensyvus transporto triukšmas, šių histogramų forma artėja prie normaliojo skirstinio tankio su atitinkamais statistiniais rodikliais: vidurkiu, standartiniu nuokrypiu, asimetrijos koeficientu, procentiliais. Pagal eksperimentinius matavimus nustatyta, kad didesnį jautrumą garso slėgio pokyčiams turi asimetrijos koeficientas ir įvestas rodiklis—procentilio eilė Neq% . Ši procentilio eilės vertė nustatoma, kai ją atitinkanti procentilio vertė PNeq sutampa su matavimo laiko intervalo ekvivalentiniu lygiu. Nustatyta, kad rodiklio Neq vertė stipriai didėja esant sudedamųjų aplinkos triukšmo dalių, neatitinkančių kelių transporto triukšmo, pavyzdžiui, didelės energijos garso pliūpsnių. Nustatyta teorinė ir grafinė Neq priklausomybė nuo išmatuotų momentinių triukšmo lygių pasiskirstymo pločio, laikant, kad jie pasiskirstę pagal normaliojo skirstinio dėsnį. Natūriniai matavimai šalia kelių su intensyviu srautu Vilniaus mieste, kai dominuoja pastovus kelių transporto triukšmas, parodė, kad trumpalaikė (15÷60 min) rodiklio Neq vertė nuo 7:00 iki 19:00 yra stabili ir svyravo 69÷74%. Todėl žymus šio rodiklio padidėjimas gali būti naudojamas kaip rodiklis kitiems triukšmams, nebūdingiems nagrinėjamai aplinkai, nustatyti ir taikomas trumpalaikio matavimo intervalo riboms įvertinti. Резюме При проектировании строительства жилых домов, а также для изучения загрязненности жилых районов в Литве, как и в странах Европейского Союза, обязательной является оценка шума окружающей среды. Оценка производится на основе установленного в директивах Европейского Союза и законах Литвы среднегодичного комбинированного суточного оценочного уровня звукового давления Ldеn .В случаях, когда значения этого показателя определяются из измерений, актуальной задачей становится обоснованное уменьшение продолжительности измерений. В настоящей работе рассматриваются возможности уменьшения времени измерений при определении входящего в Ldеnдневного (12-часового) эквивалентного уровня звукового давления Ld ,12 h . В этих целях исследовалась чувствительность статистических параметров получаемых результатов к изменениям измеряемого уровня звукового давления. Показано, что получаемые гистограммы распределений плотности корректированных по А уровней звукового давления с F коррекцией во времени могут служить базой для характеристики шума окружающей среды. В случае, когда в шуме окружающей среды доминирует транспортный шум, распространяемый от магистральных городских дорог с интенсивным постоянным транспортным потоком, форма таких гистограмм приближается к плотности нормального распределения с соответствующими статистическими параметрами: средним, стандартным отклонением, коэффициентом асимметрии, процентилями. Проведенные экспериментальные измерения показали, что наибольшая чувствительность к изменениям уровня звукового давления имеет коэффициент асимметрии и вводимый новый параметр – ранг процентиля Neq% . Численное значение этого ранга определяется через соответствующее ему значение процентиля PNeq , которое в выбранном интервале измерения совпадает с величиной эквивалентного уровня шума. Установлено, что значения параметра Neq значительно растут в случаях, когда шум окружающей среды содержит составляющие, не соответствующие транспортному шуму, напр., звуковые события большой энергии. В предположении нормального закона распределения измеряемых уровней шума получена теоретическая и построена графическая зависимости Neq от ширины нормального распределения. Натурные измерения, проведенные в дневное время от 7:00 до 19:00 час. вблизи дорог с интенсивным транспортным потоком в г. Вильнюсе, когда доминирует постоянный шум дорожного движения, показали, что установленные в коротких (15÷60 мин.) интервалах времени значения параметра Neqявляются достаточно стабильными и изменяются от 69 до 74 %. Случаи значительного увеличения значений этого показателя могут быть использованы в качестве индикатора для оценки звуковых событий, не соответствующих транспортному шуму, а также для достоверности оценки дневного уровня Ld ,12 h по измерениям в коротких интервалах времени.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stukel ◽  
Thomas Kelly

Thorium-234 (234Th) is a powerful tracer of particle dynamics and the biological pump in the surface ocean; however, variability in carbon:thorium ratios of sinking particles adds substantial uncertainty to estimates of organic carbon export. We coupled a mechanistic thorium sorption and desorption model to a one-dimensional particle sinking model that uses realistic particle settling velocity spectra. The model generates estimates of 238U-234Th disequilibrium, particulate organic carbon concentration, and the C:234Th ratio of sinking particles, which are then compared to in situ measurements from quasi-Lagrangian studies conducted on six cruises in the California Current Ecosystem. Broad patterns observed in in situ measurements, including decreasing C:234Th ratios with depth and a strong correlation between sinking C:234Th and the ratio of vertically-integrated particulate organic carbon (POC) to vertically-integrated total water column 234Th, were accurately recovered by models assuming either a power law distribution of sinking speeds or a double log normal distribution of sinking speeds. Simulations suggested that the observed decrease in C:234Th with depth may be driven by preferential remineralization of carbon by particle-attached microbes. However, an alternate model structure featuring complete consumption and/or disaggregation of particles by mesozooplankton (e.g. no preferential remineralization of carbon) was also able to simulate decreasing C:234Th with depth (although the decrease was weaker), driven by 234Th adsorption onto slowly sinking particles. Model results also suggest that during bloom decays C:234Th ratios of sinking particles should be higher than expected (based on contemporaneous water column POC), because high settling velocities minimize carbon remineralization during sinking.


2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Ming LI ◽  
Qinghua YANG ◽  
Jiechen ZHAO ◽  
Lin ZHANG ◽  
Chunhua LI ◽  
...  

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Guymer ◽  
Rob O'Brien

Previously, the design of sewer systems has been limited to studies of their hydraulic characteristics, in particular the ability of the system to convey the maximum discharge. Greater environmental awareness has necessitated that new designs, and some existing schemes, are assessed to determine the environmental load which the scheme will deliver to any downstream component. This paper describes a laboratory programme which has been designed to elucidate the effects of manholes on the longitudinal dispersion of solutes. A laboratory system is described, which allows in situ measurements to be taken of the concentration of a fluorescent solute tracer, both up- and down-stream of a surcharged manhole junction. Results are presented from a preliminary series of studies undertaken for a single manhole geometry over a range of discharges, with varying levels of surcharge. Results are presented showing the variation of travel time, change in second moment of the distribution and of a dispersion factor with surcharge, assuming a Taylor approach and determining the dispersion factor using a ‘change in moment’ method. The effect of the stored volume within the manhole is clearly evident. The limitations and the applicability of this approach are discussed.


Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Nguyen Nguyen Vu ◽  
Le Van Trung ◽  
Tran Thi Van

This article presents the methodology for developing a statistical model for monitoring salinity intrusion in the Mekong Delta based on the integration of satellite imagery and in-situ measurements. We used Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor (Landsat- 8 OLI and TIRS) satellite data to establish the relationship between the planetary reflectance and the ground measured data in the dry season during 2014. The three spectral bands (blue, green, red) and the principal component band were used to obtain the most suitable models. The selected model showed a good correlation with the exponential function of the principal component band and the ground measured data (R2 > 0.8). Simulation of the salinity distribution along the river shows the intrusion of a 4 g/L salt boundary from the estuary to the inner field of more than 50 km. The developed model will be an active contribution, providing managers with adaptation and response solutions suitable for intrusion in the estuary as well as the inner field of the Mekong Delta.


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