Ploidy Level, Karyotype, and Genome Size of Bletilla Species (Orchidaceae) From China

Bletilla is an Orchidaceae genus with high medical value, including detumescence, antibacterial, and hemostasis. In this study, detailed estimates of ploidy level, karyotype, and genome size were first obtained, and a comprehensive cytological analysis was carried out to better understand the evolution of the genus. The karyotypes of Bletilla were mainly composed of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes with lengths ranging from 1.25 to 4.93 μm. There was moderate cytological variation in Bletilla (chromosome number 2n = 32 to 76). Diploid with 2n = 34 and 2n = 36 was detected in Bletilla ochracea and Bletilla formosana, respectively, whereas diploid (2n = 32) was dominant in Bletilla striata, dysploidy (2n = 34, 2n = 36) and polyploid (2n = 48, 51, 64, 76) variations were also observed. Three species had a relatively symmetric karyotype, and which of B. ochracea was more asymmetry. The genome size (1C-values) varied from 2.94 pg (B. striata) to 3.33 pg (B. ochracea), of which B. ochracea was significantly larger than the others (P < 0.05). A positive correlation (P < 0.01) between 1Cx vs. haploid chromosome length (HCL) and asymmetry coefficient of karyotypes (AsK%) was observed.

Correlation Research Between Gondola Car Body Structure And Weld Stress Based On Asymmetry Coefficient

In order to find out the root cause of cross bearer welds’ cracks on the general purpose gondola cars, the relationship between asymmetric structure and stress distribution is studied in this paper. Firstly, the concept of asymmetry coefficient is proposed, and the asymmetric coefficients’ calculation methods of independent and dependent variables are given respectively in two-dimensional space. Secondly, according to the different positions of side column 1 and side column 2, 30 local models are established, the cross bearer weld stresses are extracted after finite element simulation, and the stress distribution clusters are formed. Finally, the asymmetry coefficients of the side columns are calculated, and the correlation between the positions of the side columns and the weld stresses is studied by the methods of Pearson correlation coefficient and complex correlation coefficient. The results show that the correlation between the stress of cross bearer weld 2 and the positions of the side columns is much higher. This research can not only provide an important basis for the structural optimization of 80t gondola car body, and it also provides reference for the structural design of the gondola car body.

DEVELOPMENT OF PROGNOSTIC MODELS FOR CALCULATION OF ASYMMETRY COEFFICIENT OF CHEWING MUSCLE TONE AT VARIOUS STAGES OF ORTHODONTIC CORRECTION

Цель работы: Разработка прогностических моделей для оценки зависимости коэффициента асимметрии тонуса собственно жевательных мышц от функциональных параметров жевательных мышц и иммуноферментного состава ротовой жидкости на различных этапах ортодонтической коррекции. Материал и методы исследования: В исследовании приняли участие 82 пациента Детской клинической стоматологической поликлиники №2 г. Воронежа в возрасте от 6 до 12 лет с дистальной окклюзией зубных рядов, которым было рекомендовано лечение пластиночным аппаратом в модификации Шварца. Проводилась оценка функциональных параметров жевательных мышц: средней амплитуды биоэлектрической активности височных и подъязычных мышц, тонуса покоя и коэффициента асимметрии собственно жевательных мышц; количественное определение общих иммуноглобулинов G, А, M и секреторного иммуноглобулина A ротовой жидкости до начала лечения, через 3 и через 6 месяцев. Статистический анализ осуществлялся с использованием программ IBM SPSS Statistics 20, StatTech v. 1.2.0. Прогностическая модель, характеризующая зависимость количественной переменной от факторов, разрабатывалась с помощью метода множественной линейной регрессии. Результаты: Разработаны 2 прогностические модели. Полученные данные связаны с перестройкой функциональных параметров жевательной мускулатуры в результате ортодонтической коррекции. Вывод: Разработаны 2 прогностические модели для оценки зависимости коэффициента асимметрии тонуса собственно жевательных мышц от функциональных параметров жевательных мышц и иммуноферментного состава ротовой жидкости через 3 и 6 месяцев ортодонтической коррекции, которые позволят врачу грамотно выстроить план лечения, спрогнозировать его срок, повысить качество и эффективность диагностики The purpose of the work: Development of prognostic models for assessing the dependence of the asymmetry coefficient of the tone of the chewing muscles proper on the functional parameters of the chewing muscles and the immunoenzyme composition of the oral fluid at various stages of orthodontic correction. Material and methods of research: The study was attended by 82 patients of the Children's Clinical Dental Clinic No. 2 of Voronezh, aged 6 to 12 years, with distal occlusion of the dentition, who were recommended for treatment with a plate machine in the Schwartz modification. The functional parameters of chewing muscles were evaluated: the average amplitude of the bioelectric activity of temporal and sublingual muscles, the resting tone and the asymmetry coefficient of the chewing muscles themselves; quantification of total immunoglobulins G, A, M and oral fluid secretory immunoglobulin A before treatment, at 3 and 6 months. Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, StatTech v. 1.2.0 (developer - Stattech LLC, Russia). A predictive model characterizing the dependence of a quantitative variable on factors was developed using the multiple linear regression method. Results: 2 prognostic models developed. The obtained data are related to reconfiguration of functional parameters of chewing muscles as a result of orthodontic correction. Conclusion: 2 prognostic models have been developed to assess the dependence of the asymmetry coefficient of the tone of the chewing muscles proper on the functional parameters of the chewing muscles and the immunoenzyme composition of the oral fluid after 3 and 6 months of orthodontic correction, which will allow the doctor to competently build a treatment plan, predict its duration, increase the quality and effectiveness of diagnosis

DIFFERENTIATION IN THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS

The article analyzes the dynamics of social and engineering development of rural areas, including during the implementation of the state program "Integrated Development of Rural Territories." It was concluded that the allocated funds were insufficient, the annual value of which is 0.44% of the need. Differentiation in the development of rural areas by region is shown using statistical indicators: mean value, me-diana, standard deviation, asymmetry coefficient, excession, variation, span. Due to the fact that indicators have a significant variation, it is recommended to use the median values of indicators in assessing rural development.

Principles of Stress-Strength Modelling of the Highly Thermally Loaded Materials—The Influence of an Effect of Strength Differential on the Material Effort

This paper presents an improvement in the Huber–Mises–Hencky (HMH) material effort hypothesis proposed by Burzyński. Unlike the HMH hypothesis, it differentiates the plastic effort between compression and tensile load states, and links shear with tensile limit. Furthermore, it considers the fact that construction materials do not have infinite resistance in the pure tensile hydrostatic load state, which was proved by the static load experiment performed on St12T heat-resistant steel. The asymmetry between tensile and compressive loads is captured by the elastic region asymmetry coefficient ϰ, which was established by experiment for St12T steel in the temperature range between 20 °C and 800 °C.

Correlations between the Parameters of the Light Volume Scattering Functions in the Mediterranean Sea Surface Waters

Purpose. The aim of the work is to study relationships between the parameters of the light volume scattering functions based on the data of their measurements in the Mediterranean Sea surface waters. Methods and Results. The data of measurements of the light volume scattering functions in the water samples taken in a few regions of the southern Mediterranean Sea, namely from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Levant Sea, as well as in the central part of the Aegean Sea and near the Dardanelles Strait (May, 1998) were used. The following parameters of the volume scattering functions were calculated: total scattering coefficient, and asymmetry and variation coefficients. The maximum and minimum values of the scattering coefficient were 0.21 and 0.09 m–1, respectively; and those for the asymmetry coefficient – 77.8 and 33.9. The variation coefficient of the angle scattering coefficients changed within 35–79%, its maximum and minimum values fell on the angles 7.5° and 162.5°, respectively. Obtained were the relations between the variation coefficient and the scattering angle, the asymmetry coefficient and the scattering coefficient, and the angle scattering coefficients and the total scattering coefficient. All of them possess high (more than 0.9) correlation coefficients. The coefficient value (51.7%) at the angle 2° does not correspond to general relation of the variation coefficient to the scattering angle. This fact is explained by different contributions of coarse and fine suspended matter to the light volume scattering function. At the angle 2°, the main contribution is made by a coarse (organic) suspended matter, whereas at the angles exceeding 7.5° – by a fine (mineral) suspension. Conclusions. The values of the variation coefficient of the angle scattering coefficient at the angles equal to 2° and exceeding 7.5° demonstrate variability of the coarse and fine suspended matter in the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. The equation for the relation between the asymmetry coefficient of the light volume scattering functions and the total scattering coefficient obtained for the Mediterranean Sea waters is close to the analogous one obtained for the Atlantic Ocean tropical waters. The angle 3.5° is optimal for determining the total scattering coefficient using the angle scattering coefficient for the Mediterranean Sea functions.

THE PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING THE ASYMMETRY COEFFICIENTS OF AEROSOL SCATTERING IN THE RED AND NEAR IR REGIONS OF THE SPECTRUM

В настоящей работе представлено программное обеспечение, реализующее методику определения аэрозольного коэффициента асимметрии из результатов наблюдений интегрального коэффициента рассеянных световых потоков, оптической толщи и альбедо местности интерполяционным путем без применения аппарата решения обратных задач. В качестве исходных используются данные измерений углового хода яркости дневного безоблачного неба в солнечном альмукантарате при разной спектральной прозрачности атмосферы и альбедо подстилающей поверхности. Наблюдения выполняются в длинах волн 675, 870 и 1020 нм при зенитных углах Солнца 65÷750, при этом яркость может измеряться в любых единицах, включая непосредственно отсчеты фотометра. При обработке результатов мониторинговых наблюдений даже на одной длине волны требуется производить значительное количество однотипных вычислений, что делает задачу автоматизации расчетов атмосферных параметров, в частности, коэффициентов асимметрии, безусловно актуальной. Изложены требования к входным данным, представлена блок-схема алгоритма и описание интерфейса пользователя программы. Результаты расчетов выводятся в табличной форме. Программаобеспечивает приемлемую погрешность определения коэффициентов асимметрии и может быть использована в геофизике и климатологии при проведении расчетов поступления рассеянной солнечной радиации на земную поверхность с целью последующей оценки размеров частиц. In this paper, software is presented that implements the method for determining the aerosol asymmetry coefficient from the results of observations of the integral coefficient of scattered light fluxes, optical depth and albedo of the terrain by interpolation without using an apparatus for solving inverse problems. The data of measurements of the angular variation of the brightness of the daytime cloudless sky in the solar almucantar with different spectral transparency of the atmosphere and the albedo of the underlying surface are used as the initial data. Observations are carried out at wavelengths of 675, 870 and 1020 nm at zenith angles of the Sun 65 ÷ 750, while the brightness can be measured in any unit, including directly the readings of the photometer. When processing the results of monitoring observations, even at one wavelength, it is required to perform a significant number of calculations of the same type, which makes the task of automating the calculations of atmospheric parameters, in particular, the asymmetry coefficients, undoubtedly relevant. Requirements for the input data are stated, a block diagram of the algorithm and a description of the user interface of the program are presented. The calculation results are displayed in tabular form. The program provides an acceptable error in determining the asymmetry coefficients and can be used in geophysics and climatology when calculating the arrival of scattered solar radiation on the earth's surface in order to further estimate the particle size.

Analysis of batch asymmetry and batch line position for the decision support in the glass melting process

This paper presents the results of research on the analysis of historical data from a vision system developed by the authors, installed inside a glass furnace in one of the packaging glassworks. In particular, the authors focused on analysis of the batch blanket asymmetry coefficient and the batch line position in the furnace tank. The information obtained from the vision system allows to see phenomena occurring in the glass furnace that were previously difficult to notice. Based on this, recommendations for operators have been formulated to facilitate the glass melting process more efficiently. Based on historical process data from the SCADA production system, several models were developed that allow the batch line position in the glass furnace to be estimated. The best accuracy was achieved using the model based on neural networks. Such a model can be used to optimise furnace operation, which is at present based on the experience of human operators.

The Capabilities of Haematology Analysers for Assessing the Bodyʼs Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Review)

Haematology analysers have become an intrinsic part of contemporary medical practice and are used by specialists in various fields of medicine to diagnose diseases and predict their course and outcome. Moreover, the readings of these devices are currently in demand in experimental biology and medicine, toxicology, and veterinary medicine. This review examines the capabilities of modern models of haematology analysers and prospects for their use. New technical approaches combined with already known methods and statistical calculation parameters allow us to significantly expand the range of analyser output. It is shown that the introduction of programs for statistical calculations of a large number of indices and parameters of the distribution of cell populations by their volumes opens up new prospects for describing and evaluating not only pathological, but also physiological states of the body. We analysed both Russian and foreign literature on the use of erythrocyte and platelet indices to diagnose cardiovascular and other pathologies. Taking into account the indicators of corpuscular volume based on histograms and analysing statistical parameters of blood cell distribution enhance our understanding of the structure of blood cell populations, significantly increase the information content of research and can serve as an additional criterion for quantitative assessment of the bodyʼs conditions and diagnosis of diseases. Statistical characteristics such as asymmetry coefficient, kurtosis, and standard deviation of empirical erythrograms and leukograms allow us to assess the degree of anisocytosis and cellular heterogeneity, as well as the ratio of different populations. Studying the volume characteristics of blood cells based on histogram analysis significantly improves the effectiveness of using haematology analysers in evaluating various pathological and physiological conditions of the body.