The objective of the chapter is to analyze the determinants of participation and impact of microfinance on income, empowerment, and efficiency. The study is based on primary data based on the field survey conducted in Baripada block and Betanati of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha, India. For this study, a total of 400 households were covered, out of which 300 are participants and 100 are non-participants. Four participants are selected from each self-help group. The Functional Efficiency Index, Economic Empowerment Index, activity level correlates of functional efficiency and economic empowerment have been calculated. The study found that 28% of the total groups have a low level of functional efficiency while 42% of the groups have attained moderate level of functional efficiency and 30% of the groups have managed to reach a high level of functional efficiency. The result suggests that land holding, education, and participation are positively related to household income. The poorest section of the society, those who need at most attention, are not participating significantly in the program.