Determination of the Effect of Ecthyma Vaccine Virus on Immunity Against the Foot and Mouth Disease (Fmd) Vaccine in Sheep

Most of the mathematical models that were developed to study the UK 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic assumed that the infectiousness of infected premises was constant over their infectious periods. However, there is some controversy over whether this assumption is appropriate. Uncertainty about which farm infected which in 2001 means that the only method to determine if there were trends in farm infectiousness is the fitting of mechanistic mathematical models to the epidemic data. The parameter values that are estimated using this technique, however, may be influenced by missing and inaccurate data. In particular to the UK 2001 epidemic, this includes unreported infectives, inaccurate farm infection dates and unknown farm latent periods. Here, we show that such data degradation prevents successful determination of trends in farm infectiousness.

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A serological evaluation of 1979–1982 Kenyan foot-and-mouth disease type SAT 2 viruses

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400060356 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 335-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. G. Ndiritu ◽

E. J. Ouldridge ◽

M. Head ◽

M. M. Rweyemamu

Keyword(s):

Asymptomatic Carrier ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Disease Type ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Vaccine Virus Strain ◽

Microneutralization Test ◽

Central Kenya

SUMMARYSerological evaluations of foot-and-mouth disease type SAT 2 viruses isolated in Kenya between 1979 and 1982 were performed using the two-dimensional microneutralization test. Nine field isolates of epizootiological significance were compared with four vaccine viruses. The results obtained identified Tan 5/68 as the most appropriate reference vaccine virus strain since it had the broadest serological spectrum. Potent Tan 5/68 vaccines would be expected to provide adequate protection against the contemporary SAT 2 field viruses. In the case of K 83/74, which also was shown to have a broad spectrum with viruses isolated in Kenya, the results show that the 1982 isolate from central Kenya was significantly divergent (r < 1·00 at P = 0·01) and warranted tactical revaccination for its control. The study highlighted the fact that strain R1215 which had been isolated from the oesophageal-pharyngeal swabs of asymptomatic carrier cattle had a narrow serological spectrum suggesting that such viruses could be unsuitable as vaccine for the national campaign.

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Rapid Engineering of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine and Challenge Viruses

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00155-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 91 (16) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Seo-Yong Lee ◽

Yeo-Joo Lee ◽

Rae-Hyung Kim ◽

Jeong-Nam Park ◽

Min-Eun Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccine Strain ◽

Antigenic Variation ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Virus Challenge ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT There are seven antigenically distinct serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), each of which has intratypic variants. In the present study, we have developed methods to efficiently generate promising vaccines against seven serotypes or subtypes. The capsid-encoding gene (P1) of the vaccine strain O1/Manisa/Turkey/69 was replaced with the amplified or synthetic genes from the O, A, Asia1, C, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 serotypes. Viruses of the seven serotype were rescued successfully. Each chimeric FMDV with a replacement of P1 showed serotype-specific antigenicity and varied in terms of pathogenesis in pigs and mice. Vaccination of pigs with an experimental trivalent vaccine containing the inactivated recombinants based on the main serotypes O, A, and Asia1 effectively protected them from virus challenge. This technology could be a potential strategy for a customized vaccine with challenge tools to protect against epizootic disease caused by specific serotypes or subtypes of FMDV. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) causes significant economic losses. For vaccine preparation, the selection of vaccine strains was complicated by high antigenic variation. In the present study, we suggested an effective strategy to rapidly prepare and evaluate mass-produced customized vaccines against epidemic strains. The P1 gene encoding the structural proteins of the well-known vaccine virus was replaced by the synthetic or amplified genes of viruses of seven representative serotypes. These chimeric viruses generally replicated readily in cell culture and had a particle size similar to that of the original vaccine strain. Their antigenicity mirrored that of the original serotype from which their P1 gene was derived. Animal infection experiments revealed that the recombinants varied in terms of pathogenicity. This strategy will be a useful tool for rapidly generating customized FMD vaccines or challenge viruses for all serotypes, especially for FMD-free countries, which have prohibited the import of FMDVs.

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Dendritic Cell Internalization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Influence of Heparan Sulfate Binding on Virus Uptake and Induction of the Immune Response

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00021-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 82 (13) ◽

pp. 6379-6394 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Lisa J. Harwood ◽

Heidi Gerber ◽

Francisco Sobrino ◽

Artur Summerfield ◽

Kenneth C. McCullough

Keyword(s):

Heparan Sulfate ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Virus Production ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Live Virus ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT Dendritic cells (DC), which are essential for inducing and regulating immune defenses and responses, represent the critical target for vaccines against pathogens such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Although it is clear that FMDV enters epithelial cells via integrins, little is known about FMDV interaction with DC. Accordingly, DC internalization of FMDV antigen was analyzed by comparing vaccine virus dominated by heparan sulfate (HS)-binding variants with FMDV lacking HS-binding capacity. The internalization was most efficient with the HS-binding virus, employing diverse endocytic pathways. Moreover, internalization relied primarily on HS binding. Uptake of non-HS-binding virus by DC was considerably less efficient, so much so that it was often difficult to detect virus interacting with the DC. The HS-binding FMDV replicated in DC, albeit transiently, which was demonstrable by its sensitivity to cycloheximide treatment and the short duration of infectious virus production. There was no evidence that the non-HS-binding virus replicated in the DC. These observations on virus replication may be explained by the activities of viral RNA in the DC. When DC were transfected with infectious RNA, only 1% of the translated viral proteins were detected. Nevertheless, the transfected cells, and DC which had internalized live virus, did present antigen to lymphocytes, inducing an FMDV-specific immunoglobulin G response. These results demonstrate that DC internalization of FMDV is most efficient for vaccine virus with HS-binding capacity, but HS binding is not an exclusive requirement. Both non-HS-binding virus and infectious RNA interacting with DC induce specific immune responses, albeit less efficiently than HS-binding virus.

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Ultracentrifugal studies of the infective and complement-fixing components in the virus system of foot-and-mouth disease

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1952.0048 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 140 (898) ◽

pp. 107-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Active Component ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Sedimentation Constant ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Initial Infectivity ◽

Virus System

The sedimentation constant of the infective particle in foot-and-mouth disease has been determined by modifications of the methods of Elford (1936) and Polsen (1941). A new high-speed, swinging-cup rotor was employed. A sedimentation constant of 70 Svedberg units was obtained for the infective particle in a variety of starting materials derived from guineapigs, mice and cattle. The validity of the data is discussed in relation to the accuracy with which a sedimentation constant may be determined by these methods. Ultracentrifugal studies employing inclined tubes have demonstrated that in fresh preparations the infective particle is associated with from 0 to 50% of the initial complement-fixing activity. The remaining complement-fixing activity is associated with a component of sedimentation constant 8 Svedberg units. This slower sedimenting component, if infective, contributes less than 0⋅01% of the initial infectivity. A direct and relatively precise method is described for the determination of the partition of a biological activity between two or more components of a virus system. By the use of radial and inclined tubes in non-optical procedures a correlation between these methods has been established. It is shown that the sedimentation constant of a biologically active component may be estimated by procedures based on sampling in inclined tubes. The G integral is introduced as an accurate and convenient parameter which greatly facilitates the calculation and presentation of the results of ultracentrifugal studies.

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Determination of Cardiac Troponin I in the Blood and Heart of Calves with Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/104063870802000510 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 598-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Recai Tunca ◽

Mahmut Sozmen ◽

Hidayet Erdogan ◽

Mehmet Citil ◽

Erdogan Uzlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Troponin ◽

Troponin I ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Cardiac Troponin I ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Foot And Mouth

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foot and mouth disease in some areas of Nainawa province during may 2007

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v32i2.752 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 181-203

Author(s):

Zaid Salah Hussein

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Special Test ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Immunological Test ◽

Immune Assay

For the determination of FMD infection in Nainawa province Serumsamples were collected from 92 suspected cases (42sheep,50cattle)thiswas performed in September 2007 and included nine region(Talafar,Basheca, Al-shamal, Hamamalaleel ,Cokajlly ,Zamaar ,Al-Namrood,AL-Koosh and Hemedaat), these samples were send frozen to the labs ofstate Vet. Company in Al-Nahdaa , the special test FMD-3ABC bo Ovenzyme immune assay on sheep serums showed that 30.95% werepositive to the test and 19.05% were ambiguous while the test on bovineserums showed increase in both positive and ambiguous results(42%,26% respectively), 8 serums that showed the highest positive resultto the former test were submitted to the special immunological test FMDElisa Kit Liquid Phase Blocking Immunoassay for detection of antibodiesof foot and mouth disease virus test which revealed that all sores of thesamples were infected with O serotype FMD

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lacking the Leader Protein and Containing Two Negative DIVA Markers (FMDV LL3B3D A24) Is Highly Attenuated in Pigs

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9020129 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 129 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael Eschbaumer ◽

Veronika Dill ◽

Jolene C. Carlson ◽

Jonathan Arzt ◽

Carolina Stenfeldt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coding Region ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Recombinant Viruses ◽

Leader Protein ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Nasal Swabs ◽

Foot And Mouth

Inactivated whole-virus vaccines are widely used for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Their production requires the growth of large quantities of virulent FMD virus in biocontainment facilities, which is expensive and carries the risk of an inadvertent release of virus. Attenuated recombinant viruses lacking the leader protease coding region have been proposed as a safer alternative for the production of inactivated FMD vaccines (Uddowla et al., 2012, J Virol 86:11675-85). In addition to the leader deletion, the marker vaccine virus FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 encodes amino acid substitutions in the viral proteins 3B and 3D that allow the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals and has been previously shown to be effective in cattle and pigs. In the present study, two groups of six pigs each were inoculated with live FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 virus either intradermally into the heel bulb (IDHB) or by intra-oropharyngeal (IOP) deposition. The animals were observed for 3 or 5 days after inoculation, respectively. Serum, oral and nasal swabs were collected daily and a thorough postmortem examination with tissue collection was performed at the end of the experiment. None of the animals had any signs of disease or virus shedding. Virus was reisolated from only one serum sample (IDHB group, sample taken on day 1) and one piece of heel bulb skin from the inoculation site of another animal (IDHB group, necropsy on day 3), confirming that FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 is highly attenuated in pigs.

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Determination of Cattle Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Micro-ELISA Method

Analytical Sciences ◽

10.2116/analsci.30.359 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 359-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yiyang DONG ◽

Yan XU ◽

Zaixin LIU ◽

Yuanfang FU ◽

Toshinori OHASHI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Elisa Method ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Molecular analysis of foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses isolated in Saudi Arabia between 1983 and 1995

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268897008285 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 119 (3) ◽

pp. 381-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A. R. SAMUEL ◽

N. J. KNOWLES ◽

R. P. KITCHING ◽

S. M. HAFEZ

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Middle East ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Serotype O ◽

Group 12 ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Vaccine Virus Strain

Partial nucleotide sequence of the capsid polypeptide coding gene 1D (VP1) was determined for 68 serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated between 1983 and 1995 from outbreaks occurring in Saudi Arabia. The sequences were compared with previously published sequences: 14 viruses of Middle Eastern origin (isolated between 1987 and 1991); and with four vaccine virus strain sequences, three originating from the Middle East (O1/Turkey/Manisa/69, O1/Sharquia/Egypt/72 and O1/Israel/2/85) and one from Europe (O1/BFS 1860/UK/67). The virus isolates from Saudi Arabia and the Middle East vaccine virus strains formed a related genetic group distinct from the European O1virus. Within this large group 12 distinct genetic sublineages were observed.

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