scholarly journals The Relationship between Educational Pathways and Occupational Outcomes at the Intersection of Gender and Social Origin

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-94
Author(s):  
Barbara Zimmermann ◽  
Simon Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Occupational Outcomes ◽  
Educational Pathways ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
And Gender

In this article, we are interested in the differences in the educational pathways and subsequent labour market outcomes by social origin and gender. We apply sequence analyses to model the educational trajectories and conduct regression analyses to determine how the individual’s own social status and the salary at labour market entry differs. First, our results show that educational pathways vary by parental status and gender when controlling for reading and mathematics/science skills. Men and pupils with a lower socioeconomic background are overrepresented in vocational education, whereas women and pupils with a more privileged socioeconomic background more often pursue general and academic tracks. Second, these different trajectories lead to unequal occupational status and income. Besides these indirect effects, significant direct effects of parental status and gender on the individual’s own occupational status and salary can be found. Together, these findings provide a broad overview of the emergence of inequalities by gender and social origin over the early life course, ranging from differences in skills learned in school to labour market outcomes.

The Social-Origins Gap in Labour Market Outcomes: Compensatory and Boosting Advantages Using a Micro-Class Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Bernardi ◽  
Carlos J Gil-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Low Educated

Abstract Recent studies document a social-origins gap or direct effect of social origin (DESO) on labour market outcomes over and above respondents’ education, challenging the idea that post-industrial societies are education-based meritocracies. Yet, the literature offers insufficient explanations on DESO heterogeneity across education and different labour market outcomes. Little is also known about underlying mechanisms. We contribute by answering two questions: (i) How does DESO vary when comparing college-degree holders with non-holders? (ii) For which specific parental and children’s occupations is the largest DESO observed? We focus on Spain, using a large new dataset (n = 144,286). Firstly, we find a larger DESO on socioeconomic status among non-degree holders, and on income among degree holders. We propose the notions of compensatory advantage in occupational attainment and boosting advantage in income for high social-origin individuals to explain these opposite patterns, drawing from ‘downward mobility avoidance’ and ‘effectively maintained inequality’ theories. Secondly, we map origin and destination micro-classes where DESO is largest. High-grade managerial and professional parental occupations, characterized by social closure and influence in large organizations, are the origin micro-classes exerting the largest DESO. We also find that compensatory advantage for low-educated children from advantaged origins is related to their higher chances of accessing managerial occupations, while boosting advantage on income among college graduates is observed for high-grade managers and liberal professionals, suggesting that micro-class reproduction may partially account for boosting advantage. We conclude by discussing the generalizability of our findings to other countries and their implications for research on DESO, meritocracy and social mobility.

Does Education Produce Identical Labour Market Outcomes for All? A Study on India

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-331
Author(s):  
Anjan Ray Chaudhury ◽  
Madhabendra Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multinomial Probit Model ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

According to the neoclassical economists, discrimination exists in the labour market if employers treat two equally qualified and skilled persons differently based on gender, race, age, disability, religion, caste, etc. In this article, we attempt to look at discrimination in the Indian labour market by applying the multinomial probit model of regression to the National Sample Survey Office data set. By taking years of schooling (as an indicator of skill and ability) as an independent variable in the model, we find that identically educated persons from different caste and gender groups are not equally likely to achieve similar occupational status, indicating the existence of discrimination in the Indian labour market. JEL Classifications: I31, C31

Labour Market Outcomes in Bangladesh: The Role of Poverty and Gender Norms

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bridges ◽  
David Lawson ◽  
Sharifa Begum
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
And Gender

Determining factors of labour market outcomes for recently graduated, underrepresented college students

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
Juan I Venegas-Muggli ◽  
Claudia Cifuentes-Donald ◽  
Mario Rozas-Retamal ◽  
María José González-Clares
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
College Students ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Underrepresented Students ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

This study examined the factors that determined labour market outcomes for recently graduated, underrepresented college students. Chile’s largest higher education institution, which has a significant number of first-generation students from more deprived social sectors, was considered. A quantitative methodology was applied using logistic and multinomial regression models. Occupational status and income level were chosen as the dependent variables and five dimensions of independent variables were considered: sociodemographic attributes, human capital, academic characteristics, personality traits, and work environment. The results indicated that males, graduates who worked during their studies, heads of households, graduates from technical-professional high schools, those who completed their higher education studies in a timely manner, those who worked for larger private companies, and those who worked in a different geographical region to the one in which they studied had better labour market outcomes. Suggestions for institutional practices to help underrepresented students have successful career transitions are discussed.

scholarly journals Social Class Inequalities in Graduates’ Labour Market Outcomes: The Role of Spatial Job Opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Duta ◽  
Cristina Iannelli
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Occupational Outcomes ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

This paper provides new important evidence on the spatial dimension of social class inequalities in graduates’ labour market outcomes, an aspect largely overlooked within the existing literature. Using data from the HESA Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education Early and Longitudinal Survey (DLHE) for the 2008/09 graduate cohort and applying multilevel logistic regression models, we investigate whether and the extent to which social class inequalities in graduates’ occupational outcomes vary depending on the job opportunities in the geographical area where they find employment. By examining different macro-level indicators, we find wider social inequalities by parental social class in areas with fewer opportunities in high professional and managerial occupations and smaller inequalities in areas with more opportunities. Interestingly, this pattern applies only to graduates who moved away from their place of origin. We interpret this finding as the result of selective migration, that is, areas with more opportunities attract the better-qualified graduates irrespective of their social origin. Finally, graduates’ HE experiences—in particular, their field of study—and sector of employment explain most of the social class gap in areas with fewer job opportunities.

Exploring gender digital divide and its effect on women's labour market outcomes in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Kehinde Oluwaseun Omotoso ◽  
Jimi Adesina ◽  
Ololade G. Adewole
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Technology plays a significant role in bridging gender gap in labour market outcomes. This paper investigates gender differential in broadband Internet usage and its effects on women‘s labour market participation. Employing an instrumental variable approach, findings suggest that exogenously determined high-speed broadband internet usage leads to increases of about 14.1 and 10.6 percentage points in labour market participation for single women and married women with some level of education, respectively. Moreover, further analyses suggest that married women are generally less likely to use the Internet to search for job opportunities and this could partly explains their low labour market participation rate. The findings suggest that more policy effort is required to bridge gender differentials in digital technologies and employment opportunities in South Africa.

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