TRANSPLANTING SUGAR MAPLE AND NORTHERN RED OAK IN EARLY FALL VS. LATE FALL OR SPRING RESULTS IN EARLIER FIRST-SEASON ROOT GROWTH

2003 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
J.R. Harris ◽  
J. Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Early Fall

scholarly journals Transplant Timing Affects Early Root System Regeneration of Sugar Maple and Northern Red Oak

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli ◽  
Paul Thrift
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Median Date

Description of early post-transplant root growth will help formulate best transplanting strategies for landscape trees. In this experiment, the dynamics of early root system regeneration of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. `Green Mountain') and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were determined. Field-grown 4-year-old trees were transplanted bare-root into outdoor root observation containers (rhizotrons) in Oct. 1997, Nov. 1997, or Mar. 1998. All trees were grown in the rhizotrons until Oct. 1998 and then transplanted, with minimally disturbed rootballs, to field soil and grown for an additional two years. October-transplanted trees of both species began root regeneration earlier and regenerated more roots, as judged by accumulated root length on rhizotron windows, than Nov.- or March-transplanted trees. Median date for beginning root extension for sugar maples was 48, 22, and 0 days before budbreak for October-, November-, and Marchtransplanted trees, respectively. Median date for beginning root extension for northern red oak was 4, 21, and 14 days after budbreak for October-, November-, and Marchtransplanted trees, respectively. Height and trunk diameter growth were similar for all treatments within each species for 3 years after application of treatments. Early fall transplanting will result in earlier first season post-transplant root growth for sugar maple and northern red oak. Earlier post-transplant root growth will likely increase resistance to stress imposed by harsh landscape environments.

Fifty years of partial harvesting in a mixed mesophytic forest: composition and productivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 985-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Mesophytic Forest ◽  
Single Tree Selection

Long-term silvicultural trials contribute to sustainable forest management by providing a better scientific understanding of how forest ecosystems respond to periodic timber harvesting. In this study, species composition, diversity, and net periodic growth of tree species in a mixed mesophytic forest in the central Appalachians were evaluated after about a half century of management. Three partial cutting practices on 18 research compartments and on 3 unmanaged reference compartments were evaluated (1951–2001) on 280 ha. Single-tree selection, diameter-limit harvesting, and timber harvesting in 0.162-ha patches were assessed on three northern red oak site index50 (SI) classes: 24, 21, and 18. Shannon–Weiner's diversity index (H′) declined from the first (1951–1959) to last (1987–2001) measurements and was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.009). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were the two most abundant species in recent years (1987–2001); in contrast, in initial inventories (1951–1959), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were most abundant. Net periodic annual increment (PAI) of merchantable trees (DBH ≥12.7 cm) was related to both SI (P = 0.004) and treatment (P = 0.003). Mean PAI ranged from 4.6 m3·ha–1·year–1 for single-tree selection to 2.5 m3·ha–1·year–1 for unmanaged reference areas across all SI classes. The decline of oak species suggests that only intensive and specific forest management focused on maintaining oak species can obtain historical levels of diversity.

scholarly journals Testing Lake States TWIGS: Five-Year Growth Projections for Upland Hardwoods in Northern Lower Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Guertin ◽  
C. W. Ramm
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Lake States

Abstract Five-year diameter growth, basal area growth, and mortality for five upland hardwood species in northern Lower Michigan were compared to projections from Lake States TWIGS. The species studied were northern red oak, white oak, other red oak (pin oak and black oak combined), sugar maple, and red maple. The validation data consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land types on the Manistee National Forest. The stands were measured in 1986 and 1991; during this time interval stands experienced a drought and outbreaks of leaf defoliators. For individual dbh classes, 5 yr diameter growth was predicted within ± 0.3 in. for all species. Mean errors for BA projections were within ± 5 ft²/ac for all species, and mean error for trees/ac ranged from - 33 for other red oak to + 16 for sugar maple. Although precision was variable, Lake States TWIGS provided accurate predictions of 5 yr diameter growth for the five species tested. Projections of mortality were less accurate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):00-00.

scholarly journals Seasonal Effects of Transplanting on Northern Red Oak and Willow Oak

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Lisa E. Richardson-Calfee ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody K. Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Red Oaks

Abstract Seasonal effects on transplant establishment of balled-and-burlapped (B&B) shade trees are not well documented. Early post-transplant root growth and aboveground growth over a 3-year period were therefore determined for November-and March-transplanted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and willow oak (Q. phellos L.). Survival of red oak was 100% for both treatments. Survival of November-and March-transplanted willow oak was 67% and 83%, respectively. No new root growth was observed outside or within the root balls of either species upon excavation in January. New root growth was evident when trees of both species were excavated in April, indicating that root system regeneration of November-transplanted trees occurs in late winter and/or early spring, not late fall and/or early winter. November-transplanted red oak, but not willow oak, grew more roots by spring bud break than March-transplanted trees. However, little difference in height growth and trunk expansion was evident between the November-and March-transplanted red oaks throughout the 3 years following transplant. While height growth of willow oak was nearly identical between treatments after 3 years, November transplants exhibited greater trunk diameter increase for all 3 years. Overall, season of transplant had little effect on height and trunk diameter increase of red oak, even though November-transplanted trees grew more roots prior to the first bud break following transplant. Among the willow oaks that survived, season of transplant had little effect on new root growth and height growth, but November transplanting resulted in greater trunk expansion. However, when the mortality rate of November-transplanted willow oak is taken into consideration, March may be a better time to transplant willow oak in climates similar to southwest Virginia.

scholarly journals Methods to Evaluate Host Tree Suitability to the Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W. Ludwig ◽  
Laura Lazarus ◽  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Kelli Hoover ◽  
Silvia Montero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Anoplophora Glabripennis ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Asian Longhorned Beetle ◽  
White Oak ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Tulip Poplar

Abstract Two procedures were evaluated for assessing tree susceptibility to Anoplophora glabripennis. In the first procedure, adult beetles were caged with a section of sugar maple, northern red oak, white oak, honeylocust, eastern cottonwood, sycamore or tulip poplar wood. Results showed that females laid viable eggs on sugar maple, red oak, white oak and honeylocust. Oviposition did not occur on cottonwood, sycamore, or tulip poplar. Eighty-seven percent of the first instar larvae survived in white oak, followed by sugar maple (82%), honeylocust (50%), and red oak (39%). In the second procedure, first instar larvae were manually inserted into potted sugar maple, green ash, and red oak trees and allowed to feed for 60 or 90 days. Significantly more larvae survived for 90 days within the red oak (67%) compared to green ash (17%). Larvae recovered from red oak weighed significantly more than larvae from sugar maple or green ash. Larval survival was positively related to height of insertion. These results indicate: 1) controlled laboratory and greenhouse-based procedures can be used to assess tree suitability to A. glabripennis and 2) A. glabripennis will oviposit and larvae can develop in northern red oak for up to 90 days, suggesting that this species may be a potential host.

scholarly journals Measuring Stocking in Northern Red Oak Stands in Wisconsin

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. McGill ◽  
Robert Rogers ◽  
A. Jeff Martin ◽  
Paul S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Objective Basis

Abstract Stocking equations and charts for stands dominated by northern red oak were developed from data collected on 66 plots in 52 northern red oak stands in Wisconsin. In all plots, northern red oak was the dominant species. Tolerant species such as sugar maple and red maple usually formed a subcanopy. We used the tree-area ratio method for measuring stocking. However, we treated the tolerant subcanopy as a separate component of stocking. This facilitated defining average maximum relative stand density (100% stocking)for the main canopy or the main canopy and subcanopy combined.This approach is based on the assumption that shade tolerant species can exploit resources in spatial strata that are unexploited by the mid-tolerant red oak. The resulting stocking equations and charts can provide an objective basis for evaluating stocking of northern red oak stands in Wisconsin.North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):144-150.

Pruning Northern Red Oak Nursery Seedlings: Effects on Root Regeneration and Early Growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Early Fall

Northern red oak seedlings were top-pruned in the seedbed each month from August until the next March. In late March, all trees were lifted, planted in the greenhouse, and harvested 30 days later. Any top-pruning treatment that directly or indirectly removed the leaves in late summer or early fall markedly reduced root regeneration and initial shoot growth after planting in March. Removal of all the visible buds at any date resulted in increased numbers of new shoots after planting, while pruning stems at the groundline reduced new shoot growth.In additional studies, shoots and roots of trees lifted in March were pruned to various levels before planting. Results indicated that root pruning influenced seedling growth much more than shoot pruning. The amount of new shoot growth was significantly correlated with root weight of seedlings when planted, whether differences in root weight were natural or obtained by pruning. The effects of shoot pruning and root pruning on seedling growth were largely independent of each other.

Multifactor classification and analysis of upland hardwood forest ecosystems of the Kickapoo River watershed, southwestern Wisconsin

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1405-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Hix
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
River Watershed

An ecological multifactor approach was used to develop a hierarchical classification of upland hardwood forest ecosystems of the Kickapoo River watershed, southwestern Wisconsin. This method was chosen from among the variety available because of its utility in this area of heavily disturbed forests. Eleven major ecosystem units were distinguished for the 67 plot areas sampled. Each ecosystem unit is characterized by a distinct combination of physiography (aspect and slope position and steepness), soil (parent material depth and type), and vegetation (canopy tree species and groups of ground cover species), and occurs in a unique position in the landscape. The canopies of most units are dominated by combinations of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), white oak (Q. alba L.), and sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.). The results of several discriminant analyses indicate a high level of association between plots within some units. A combination of physiographic, soil, and vegetational variables resulted in the highest overall percentage of correct classification of the plots. These 11 ecosystem units ranged in estimated productivity (average site index for northern red oak) from 12 to 21 m, with the two extremes significantly different at the 5% level.

scholarly journals Field Note—Comparison of Three Dendrometers in Measuring Diameter at Breast Height Field Note

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Ann Moran ◽  
Roger A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Field Note

Abstract Three dendrometers—d-tape, calipers, and Biltmore stick—were used to measure diameter at breast height (dbh), and discrepancies that occurred among these instruments were compared. Three methods of dbh estimation with calipers—the quadratic, arithmetic, and geometric mean of the major and minor axis diameter—were compared. Trees were grouped into four broad dbh classes of 1–5, 6–10, 11–15, and 16–20 in. and three species—northern red oak, sugar maple, and white ash—to determine the effect of tree size and species on discrepancies. The d-tape consistently recorded a larger dbh than the three caliper methods, but was not statistically different nor practically important. The differences in recorded dbh between the d-tape and calipers increased with tree size and were similar among northern red oak and sugar maple trees, but dbh differences in white ash trees were significantly less than in the other two species. The Biltmore stick's accuracy in classifying trees into the same dbh class as determined by the d-tape decreased as tree size increased. When examined by species, the Biltmore stick was less accurate in this regard with northern red oak and most accurate with sugar maple. Because the geometric principle of the d-tape assumes a tree to have a circular shape, its diameter estimation and subsequent basal area will usually be greater than the true diameter and area. The use of calipers reduces this bias, but the differences are not statistically significant.

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