Pruning Northern Red Oak Nursery Seedlings: Effects on Root Regeneration and Early Growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Early Fall

Northern red oak seedlings were top-pruned in the seedbed each month from August until the next March. In late March, all trees were lifted, planted in the greenhouse, and harvested 30 days later. Any top-pruning treatment that directly or indirectly removed the leaves in late summer or early fall markedly reduced root regeneration and initial shoot growth after planting in March. Removal of all the visible buds at any date resulted in increased numbers of new shoots after planting, while pruning stems at the groundline reduced new shoot growth.In additional studies, shoots and roots of trees lifted in March were pruned to various levels before planting. Results indicated that root pruning influenced seedling growth much more than shoot pruning. The amount of new shoot growth was significantly correlated with root weight of seedlings when planted, whether differences in root weight were natural or obtained by pruning. The effects of shoot pruning and root pruning on seedling growth were largely independent of each other.

Effects of late-season defoliation and dark periods on initial growth of planted northern red oak seedlings

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Carbohydrate Contents ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.) seedlings were defoliated to various degrees in the seedbed on September 23, lifted the following April, and planted. Spring shoot growth of completely defoliated trees was about half that of control plants. Partial fall defoliation treatments included removal of upper leaves, lower leaves, terminal halves of leaves, and lateral halves of leaves. Spring shoot growth was related more closely to amount rather than type of leaves removed in the fall. When seedlings were lifted in the spring, total weight and root carbohydrate content were similar between treatments.In a second study, some seedlings were completely defoliated on September 4th, and others were subjected to total darkness for monthly or longer periods beginning in August. Nearly all leaves abscised during dark treatments. Defoliated trees and trees kept dark during August or September remained small and had low root carbohydrate contents when planted. Also, root regeneration was poor and shoot growth averaged one-third or less than that of control trees. Spring growth of seedlings increased as dark treatments were applied later in the fall, although shoot growth of October and November dark trees remained lower than that of control trees.It is suggested that some factor, possibly cytokinin, is translocated from late-season foliage and promotes seedling growth in the spring.

Response of northern red oak (Quercusrubra) seedlings to soil solution aluminum

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. DeWald ◽  
E. I. Sucoff ◽  
T. Ohno ◽  
C. A. Buschena
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
P Deficiency

The sensitivity of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.) to soil solution Al was experimentally examined on germinants grown for 10 weeks in a soil sample from the B2/C horizons of a Typic Fragiorthod. Adding AlCl3 raised the solution Al in the saturated paste extract from about 50 to 825 μM in study I and to 392 μM in study II. Phosphorus (KH2PO4) was added in study II. Forty percent of the variation in root growth was related to solution Al, even in study I where severe P deficiency dampened the expression of Al toxicity. Shoot growth was less sensitive to Al. In study II, total root weight was significantly reduced (36%) at 115 μM Al. This is the lowest concentration of Al reported to significantly reduce seedling growth of oak. The Ca and Mg concentrations in leaves and roots were first reduced at 115 μM Al. Higher solution Al further reduced these to levels associated with deficiency in other dicotyledonous trees. Tissue Al concentrations were not closely correlated with growth.

Root Regeneration and Field Performance of Hormone-Treated Red Oak Seedlings

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Merlyn M. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Regeneration Potential ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Abstract Northern red oak often grows slowly the first few years after out-planting, and weed control may be required for an extended time. In an attempt to stimulate early growth, hormone mixtures of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin were applied to seedlings before planting by soaking roots in hormone solutions, by application of vacuum during the root-soak period to increase hormone penetration, and by dipping roots in starch polyacrylate gel with hormones. Root regeneration potential and field performance were markedly improved when hormone-treated trees were planted on a weed-free site. A safe and beneficial hormone mixture for soaking seedling roots is 200 mg/l IAA plus 0.1 mg/l kinetin. North. J. Appl. For. 5:25-28, March 1988.

Effects of atmospheric humidity and zonal soil water stress on initial growth of planted northern red oak seedlings

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Lower Root ◽  
Stress Levels

Northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.) 1-0 seedlings were planted in plastic tubes with a rubber moisture barrier placed around taproots at midpoint so that upper and lower sections of the root system could be independently watered with polyethylene glycol solutions to induce various soil moisture stress conditions. Trees were also grown at two relative humidity (RH) levels.In the first of two studies, soil moisture stress levels were −1/3, −3, −6 bars (1 bar = 105 Pa), and RH's were 75 and 45%. Root regeneration (largely confined to cut end of lower taproot) and top growth decreased, and dieback of planted stems increased, as soil moisture stress of either upper or lower root sections increased. When both sections were −6 bars, root regeneration was nil.In the second study, upper root soil moisture stress levels included a −12-bar treatment which reduced dry weight of leaves and roots to about one-half that of unstressed plants. However, a unit increase in stress to lower root sections was 1.5 to 4 times more inhibitory to growth than a similar stress to upper root sections. Low RH decreased several measures of seedling growth, increased stem dieback, and prolonged time to budbreak from 6 to 12 days for most soil moisture treatments.These studies demonstrate that root regeneration is very sensitive to soil moisture stress on lower roots, where most of the new roots originate, and moderately sensitive to stress on upper roots and to atmospheric stress on shoots.

scholarly journals Response of Oak and Maple Seed Germination and Seedling Growth to Different Manganese Fertilizers in a Cultured Substratum

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Kaile Mai ◽  
Roger A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Seedling Size

Oak regeneration failures have been causing a slow decline in the occurrence of oak forest ecosystems in eastern North America. Accordingly, our study sought to determine a means of creating more vigorous and competitive oak seedlings by the addition of manganese (Mn) fertilizers. Seeds of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.), one of oak’s major competitors in North America oak forest ecosystems, were sown in 0.7 liter pots that contained a growing medium mixture of peat moss, perlite, and sand in a ratio of 2:1:2, and germinated in a greenhouse. Three different chemical compound Mn fertilizer treatments—manganese chloride (0.16 mg L−1 Mn, MnCl2·4H2O), nanoparticle manganese in the form of manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg/L Mn, nanoparticle Mn(OH)2), and manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg L−1 Mn, Mn(OH)2)—and a treatment of Hoagland solution were applied to the planted seed. These treatments were compared to a control consisting of water, and treatments were applied twice a week over a 12 week period. Germination rates and seedling growth were measured over this period of time. At the end of 12 weeks seedlings were harvested, separated into roots, stem, and foliage for the purpose of biomass and nutrient analysis by seedling component. Northern red oak displayed a 100% germination success rate with MnCl2·4H2O and Mn(OH)2 treatments, while red maple germination was reduced with the MnCl2·4H2O and nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatments with only a 32% and 24% germination rate, respectively. The MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of red maple with a 191.6% increase; however, the MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of northern red oak and chestnut oak with an increase of 503.7% and 339.5%, respectively. The greatest increase in overall seedling size for northern red oak was with the Mn(OH)2 treatment at 507.2%, and 601.2% for chestnut oak with the nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatment. MnCl2·4H2O treatment significantly increased the oak foliar nitrogen (N) content. It appears that the application of Mn fertilizer can increase the germination and growth of these oak species while suppressing or having a lesser effect on red maple, thus creating a competitive advantage for oak over its competitor.

Effect of Seedling Age and Taproot Length on Performance of Oak

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-178
Author(s):  
William R. Chaney ◽  
William R. Byrnes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Old Field ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Seedling Age ◽  
Rooting Medium

Abstract White oak and northern red oak seedlings were planted in an old field site in Indiana and evaluated for 9 yr to determine if seedling age and initial taproot length affected growth performance. Both 1-0 and 2-0 seedlings were produced in specially designed containerized seedbeds that provided for root pruning to lengths of 23 and 30 cm through control of the level of water saturation in the rooting medium. Survival of both species was high, 95%-100%. Northern red oak growth was not significantly influenced by initial seedling age or taproot length. White oak, however, performed the best when seedlings were 2 yr old and had a 30 cm long taproot. Seedling age was the more important factor affecting growth. North. J. Appl. For. 10(4):175-178.

scholarly journals Regeneration of Northern Red Oak in Relation to Ectomycorrhizae in Oak and Pine Stands after Overstory and Understory Manipulations

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minyi Zhou ◽  
Terry L. Sharik ◽  
Martin F. Jurgensen ◽  
Dana L. Richter ◽  
Margaret R. Gale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract Growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in relation to colonization by indigenous ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi was studied in oak and pine stands in northern Lower Michigan that were subjected to overstory and understory manipulations. Two stand types (oak and pine), three blocks of each stand type, four canopy cover treatments (clearcut, 25% cover (50% cover in the first year), 75% cover and uncut), and two understory treatments (shrub removal and untreated control) were involved in the experiment. Northern red oak acorns from a common seed source were sown in May 1991 to simulate natural regeneration. Seedling growth and its relation to percent ECM were evaluated for the first two growing seasons. A significantly larger root-collar diameter of northern red oak seedlings was found in pine stands than in oak stands for the first growing season (P < 0.001). However, this difference could not be explained by overall ECM colonization. Seedling growth and ECM colonization were not affected by the shrub removal treatment during the first two growing seasons. In contrast, northern red oak seedling size and weight were strongly influenced by the overstory treatment, with lower levels of canopy cover resulting in larger seedlings. Seedlings had the greatest percent ECM in the partial cover treatment (25-50%) and the lowest percent ECM in the clearcut. After accounting for the effects of canopy cover, the relationship between total biomass of northern red oak seedlings and percent ECM was positively correlated (P = 0.001) during the first growing season and negatively correlated (P = 0.038) during the second growing season. A positive relationship between root/shoot ratio and percent ECM also existed in the first year (P = 0.003) in both oak and pine stands, but only in the oak stands in the second year (P = 0.039). These results indicate that ECM promoted more root development than shoot development, particularly underpartial canopy cover (25%-50%) treatments, where the greatest percent ECM and largest root/shoot ratio were found. Moreover, our results suggest that these partial canopy cover treatments provide a favorable balance between ECM abundance and northern red oak seedling development in both oak and pine stands on intermediate quality sites, and may lead to northern red oak regeneration success on such sites. North. J. Appl. For. 15(4):182-190.

Influence of irrigation method and container type on northern red oak seedling growth and media electrical conductivity

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Davis ◽  
Douglass F. Jacobs ◽  
Ronald P. Overton ◽  
R. Kasten Dumroese
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Container Type

Allocation of current photosynthate and changes in tissue dry weight within northern red oak seedlings: individual leaf and flush carbon contribution during episodic growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1296-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E Dickson ◽  
Patricia T Tomlinson ◽  
J G Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
Allocation Patterns

Relatively little is known about the changing carbon allocation patterns in species with episodic growth cycles such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). To examine such changing allocation and growth patterns, northern red oak plants were grown from seed in controlled environment chambers through four cycles of growth. 14CO2 was supplied to leaves of the first, second, or third flushes at different Quercus morphological index growth stages within each flush, and the distribution of 14C within the plant was analyzed. Carbon allocation from source leaves of the first and second flush was primarily upward during the subsequent cycle of shoot growth and downward during lag and bud growth stages. All leaves within a flush did not respond the same. Upper leaves allocated most 14C-photosynthate upward during leaf and shoot growth while lower leaves supplied more 14C to lower stem and roots. During the third and fourth flushes, differential allocation from leaves within a flush resulted in essentially equal upward and downward carbon allocation. Growth and allometric relationships reflected these changes in carbon allocation.

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