scholarly journals Seasonal Effects of Transplanting on Northern Red Oak and Willow Oak

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Lisa E. Richardson-Calfee ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody K. Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Red Oaks

Abstract Seasonal effects on transplant establishment of balled-and-burlapped (B&B) shade trees are not well documented. Early post-transplant root growth and aboveground growth over a 3-year period were therefore determined for November-and March-transplanted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and willow oak (Q. phellos L.). Survival of red oak was 100% for both treatments. Survival of November-and March-transplanted willow oak was 67% and 83%, respectively. No new root growth was observed outside or within the root balls of either species upon excavation in January. New root growth was evident when trees of both species were excavated in April, indicating that root system regeneration of November-transplanted trees occurs in late winter and/or early spring, not late fall and/or early winter. November-transplanted red oak, but not willow oak, grew more roots by spring bud break than March-transplanted trees. However, little difference in height growth and trunk expansion was evident between the November-and March-transplanted red oaks throughout the 3 years following transplant. While height growth of willow oak was nearly identical between treatments after 3 years, November transplants exhibited greater trunk diameter increase for all 3 years. Overall, season of transplant had little effect on height and trunk diameter increase of red oak, even though November-transplanted trees grew more roots prior to the first bud break following transplant. Among the willow oaks that survived, season of transplant had little effect on new root growth and height growth, but November transplanting resulted in greater trunk expansion. However, when the mortality rate of November-transplanted willow oak is taken into consideration, March may be a better time to transplant willow oak in climates similar to southwest Virginia.

scholarly journals Seasonal Effects of Transplanting on Growth and Pre-bud Break Root System Regeneration of Northern Red Oak and Willow Oak

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884C-884
Author(s):  
Lisa Richardson-Calfee ◽  
J. Roger Harris* ◽  
Jody Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Trunk Diameter

Seasonal effects on transplant establishment of balled-and-burlapped (B&B) shade trees are not well documented. Early post-transplant root growth and above-ground growth over 3 years were therefore documented for November- and March-transplanted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and willow oak (Q. phellos L.). Survival of red oak was 100% for both treatments. Survival of November- and March-transplanted willow oak was 67% and 83%, respectively. No new root growth was observed outside or within the root balls of either species upon excavation in January. However, new root growth was evident when subsamples were excavated the following April for November-transplanted trees of both species, indicating that root system regeneration of November-transplanted trees occurs in late winter and/or early spring, not late fall and/or early winter. November-transplanted red oak, but not willow oak, had grown more roots by spring bud break than March-transplanted trees. While height growth of willow oak was nearly identical between treatments after 3 years, November-transplants exhibited greater trunk diameter increase for all 3 years. Overall, season of transplant had little effect on height and trunk diameter increase of red oak, even though November-transplanted trees grew more roots prior to the first bud break following transplant. Among the willow oaks that survived, season of transplanting had little effect on height growth, but November transplanting resulted in greater trunk diameter increase. However, considering the mortality rate of November-transplanted willow oak, March may be a better time to transplant willow oak in climates similar to southwest Virginia.

scholarly journals Transplant Timing Affects Early Root System Regeneration of Sugar Maple and Northern Red Oak

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli ◽  
Paul Thrift
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Median Date

Description of early post-transplant root growth will help formulate best transplanting strategies for landscape trees. In this experiment, the dynamics of early root system regeneration of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. `Green Mountain') and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were determined. Field-grown 4-year-old trees were transplanted bare-root into outdoor root observation containers (rhizotrons) in Oct. 1997, Nov. 1997, or Mar. 1998. All trees were grown in the rhizotrons until Oct. 1998 and then transplanted, with minimally disturbed rootballs, to field soil and grown for an additional two years. October-transplanted trees of both species began root regeneration earlier and regenerated more roots, as judged by accumulated root length on rhizotron windows, than Nov.- or March-transplanted trees. Median date for beginning root extension for sugar maples was 48, 22, and 0 days before budbreak for October-, November-, and Marchtransplanted trees, respectively. Median date for beginning root extension for northern red oak was 4, 21, and 14 days after budbreak for October-, November-, and Marchtransplanted trees, respectively. Height and trunk diameter growth were similar for all treatments within each species for 3 years after application of treatments. Early fall transplanting will result in earlier first season post-transplant root growth for sugar maple and northern red oak. Earlier post-transplant root growth will likely increase resistance to stress imposed by harsh landscape environments.

scholarly journals Ten-Year Results of Tree Shelters on Survival and Growth of Planted Hardwoods

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ponder
Keyword(s):  
Height Growth ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Tree Shelters ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Tree Shelter ◽  
Survival Differences ◽  
Forest Openings

Abstract The performance of planted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), with and without tree shelters, was evaluated 10 yr after planting. Northern red oak was planted in three harvested forest openings, and black walnut and green ash were planted in a cultivated field. Survival of northern red oak with tree shelters was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than northern red oak without shelters only for year 3. Survival differences between tree shelter treatments for black walnut and green ash were not significant. However, overall survival of green ash declined rapidly after year 5. Trees began to exit the 120-cm-tall shelters after 2 yr, but not in large numbers until the fourth year. Sheltered oaks were significantly taller than unsheltered oaks at year 10, and sheltered oaks had more height growth than unsheltered oaks at year 5, but not at year 10. Except for year 1, neither height nor height growth for black walnut was significantly different between tree shelter treatments. Green ash was taller and had more height growth with shelters than without shelters in year 1, but had more height growth without shelters than with shelters in year 5. Diameter growth at breast height did not differ between treatments for any of the three species. The greater height of sheltered northern red oaks compared to unsheltered northern red oaks could increase the opportunity of sheltered oaks to achieve dominant and codominant positions in the developing stands. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):104–108.

Survival and growth of understory trees in oak forests of the Hudson Highlands, New York

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Lorimer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Understory Trees

Mortality and growth rates of trees in various crown classes and size classes were analyzed from 40-year permanent plot records of slope and ravine forest dominated by chestnut oak (Quercusprinus L.) and northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.). Average 5-year mortality rates for suppressed trees ≥2.5 cm dbh of chestnut oak and red oak in the slope forest were 26 and 45%, respectively. None of the suppressed red oaks survived the 40-year period, compared with 14% of the chestnut oaks and 33% of the red maples (Acerrubrum L.). Mortality of oak trees in the intermediate crown class was less than half that of suppressed trees, but still much higher than that of maples and birches on the tracts. Survival was reasonably high for oaks as long as the top of the crown was receiving direct sunlight, but the expected 40-year survival rate of red oaks in such a position is only 20%, with an average growth rate of 1.0 mm in diameter per year. Curves and equations expressing average mortality and growth rates at various levels of competition are presented for each species.

scholarly journals Production and Postharvest Characteristics of Rosa hybrida L. `Meijikatar' Grown in Pots under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Clark ◽  
John W. Kelly ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis

The effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on growth, photosynthesis, and postharvest characteristics of `Meijikatar' potted roses were determined. Plants were grown in 350, 700, or 1050 μl CO2/liter until they reached 50% flower bud coloration and then were placed into dark storage for 5 days at 4 or 16C. Plants grown in 700 or 1050 μl CO2/liter reached the harvest stage earlier and were taller at harvest than plants produced in 350 μl CO2/liter, but there were no differences in the number of flowers and flower buds per plant among CO2 treatments. Plants grown in early spring were taller and had more flowers and flower buds than plants grown in late winter. Shoot and root growth of plants grown in 700 or 1050 μl CO2/liter were higher than in plants produced in 350 μl CO2/liter, with plants grown in early spring showing greater increases than plants grown in late winter. Immediately after storage, plants grown in 350 μl CO2/liter and stored at 4C had the fewest etiolated shoots, while plants grown in 1050 μl CO2/liter and stored at 16C had the most. Five days after removal from storage, chlorophyll concentration of upper and lower leaves had been reduced by ≈50% from the day of harvest. Carbon dioxide enrichment had no effect on postharvest leaf chlorosis, but plants grown in early spring and stored at 16C had the most leaf chlorosis while plants grown in late winter and stored at 4C had the least leaf chlorosis.

scholarly journals White Oak and Northern Red Oak Leaf Injury from Exposure to Chloroacetanilide Herbicides

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh B. Samtani ◽  
John B. Masiunas ◽  
James E. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Tree Injury

Previous research by the authors found simulated acetochlor (with atrazine) and s-metolachlor drift to white oak at the leaf unfolding stage caused loss of interveinal tissues (leaf tatters). Reports of leaf tatters in the landscape and nursery settings are more common on white oak (Quercus alba L.) than on northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Our objectives were to determine if white and northern red oak differed in susceptibility to chloroacetanilide herbicides, if injury varied between chloroacetanilide herbicides, and if adding atrazine increased leaf injury. Two-year-old seedlings at the leaf unfolding stage were treated with acetochlor, s-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P alone or combined with atrazine at 1%, 10%, and 25% of the standard field use rate. Within 6 days, all chloroacetanilides at 10% and 25% field use rates, alone or combined with atrazine, caused leaf tatter injury in both species. Acetochlor, s-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P caused a similar type of leaf injury. Atrazine did not cause loss of leaf tissues or increase injury from chloroacetanilides. At 1% field use rate, only acetochlor, acetochlor + atrazine, and dimethenamid-P caused leaf injury to northern red oaks. The white oaks were not injured by all of the chloroacetanilide treatments at 1% field use rate. The northern red oaks were slightly more susceptible to chloroacetanilides compared with the white oaks. A second study found acetochlor only injured northern red oak when applied at the leaf unfolding stage and only at 25% of field use rate. Acetochlor at 1% field use rate did not injure red oak. Research is needed to explain the greater frequency of leaf tatters on white oaks than on northern red oaks in the landscape and to develop strategies to avoid tree injury.

Effects of Sulfometuron on the Emergence and Growth of Seeded Northern Red Oak, White Ash, and White Pine

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry H. McCormick ◽  
David H. Allen ◽  
John W. Groninger ◽  
Todd W. Bowersox
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Pine ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Direct Seeded

Abstract Sulfometuron (Oust®) and glyphosate (Roundup®) were applied separately and as tank mixes to plots direct seeded with northern red oak, white ash, and white pine. Treatments included applications of glyphosate, sulfometuron (low and high rate), sulfometuron (low and high rate) + glyphosate, and an untreated control. Results after 2 years showed no effect of sulfometuron at either rate on the emergence of northern red oak and white ash. Emergence of white pine was reduced by both rates of sulfometuron alone or in combination with glyphosate. Sulfometuron at the higher rate alone or in combination with glyphosate reduced the height growth of northern red oak and white ash, and increased first-year mortality of northern red oak. Height growth and first-year survival of white pine was not affected by either rate of sulfometuron. Glyphosate alone or in combination with sulfometuron at the lower rate had no adverse effect on the emergence or seedling growth of northern red oak, white ash, or white pine. North. J. Appl. For. 8(1):9-11

scholarly journals Optimal Cross-Sectional Sampling Strategy for Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Scars within Northern Red Oaks

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel J. Haavik ◽  
Frederick M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Red Oaks ◽  
Population Patterns

Abstract We used dendrochronological techniques to develop an optimal sampling strategy for the purpose of investigating the history of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus [Haldeman]) population patterns within northern red oaks (Quercus rubra L.). We cut the entire length of three northern red oak tree boles into cross-sections, sanded top and bottom surfaces of each cross-section, and dated all scars within each bole. Our goal was to devise a strategy to reduce the amount of bole sampled without compromising the data necessary to accurately estimate historical population patterns of red oak borer. When we tested four possible sampling strategies and compared them with the entire-tree data sets from which they originated, we found no statistical differences in the distribution of scar counts by year. We also assessed processing time and found that compared with sampling an entire host bole, sampling strategies that include the lower 20% or 30% of boles would reduce labor efforts by 55–63%. We suggest that development of similar sampling methods for other bark or wood-boring species may be possible if the relationship between insect life history and annual tree-ring formation, as well as the general spatial and temporal distribution of insect evidence within trees, is known.

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