Three Concepts of Fabric Statistics (Curie 1884, Schmidt 1925, and Niggli 1948) and Their Modifications and Elaborations, A Historical Discussion

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Martin Kirchmayer ◽  
F. Germany
Keyword(s):  
Pure Sciences ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
General Symmetry ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Entire Field ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Fabric Diagrams ◽  
Universal Stage ◽  
The U.S

There are three concepts of fabric statistics: (1) the NEUMANN-MINNIGERODE-CURIE (1884) concept; actually Curie originated the fabric models, based on crystallographic elements of the cause-symmetry, media-symmetry, and effect-symmetry. (2) the SCHMIDT (1925) or SANDER (1930) concept classifies fabric diagrams keyed to rock types and to the kind of deformation, and is based on 5 types of tectonites. (3) the NIGGLI (1948) concept, a general symmetry concept, referring to morphology, which can be applied to all media in the entire field of natural and pure sciences. All three concepts are typically European. In the 1920's and 1930's some American researchers travelled to Europe to study the techniques of fabric statistics. Among them was Haff (1938) who holds the American priority. Today universal stage research is not very common in the U.S.; instead, macrofabrics are studied by geological compass. In the application of the Schmidt-Sander concept to geological environments, Rueger (1928) of Heidelberg holds the priority. This paper compares the three concepts, and deals with their developments and elaborations in Europe, in regard to their use in a precise 3-dimensional way, on a thin section scale.

scholarly journals Determination of Specific Surface of Rock Grains by 2D Imaging

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Rabbani ◽  
Saeid Jamshidi ◽  
Saeed Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Porous Rocks ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Rock Structure ◽  
3D Volume

Specific surface is an important parameter for predicting permeability of porous rocks. Many digital methods have been invented to extract the rock properties via imaging such as Micro-CT. With utilizing 3D volume data, this helps in precise investigation; however, it is neither economically efficient nor can be applied for different situations. In this study, a new approach is developed to estimate rock specific surface using 2D thin section images with micron resolution. One specific conclusion of this study is that there is specific ratio between the specific perimeter of 2D images and the specific surface in the 3D real rock structure. To further investigate this ratio several 3D blocks of rock volume data have been virtually cut in every possible angle and the value of specific perimeter calculated for each obtained 2D thin section. Finally, the predicted value of specific surface for 6 rock types is compared with the real values calculated from the original 3D data. Result indicates acceptable precision of this approach for sandstone rocks whereas not applicable for carbonate rocks.

scholarly journals Abusive Supervision Scale Development in Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenika Wulani ◽  
Bernadinus M Purwanto ◽  
Hani Handoko
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
High Power ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Abusive Supervision ◽  
Cultural Orientation ◽  
Development Method ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Abusive Behavior ◽  
High Power Distance ◽  
The U.S

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of abusive supervision in Indonesia. The study was conducted with a different context and scale development method from Tepper’s (2000) abusive supervision scale. The abusive supervision scale from Tepper (2000) was developed in the U.S., which has a cultural orientation of low power distance. The current study was conducted in Indonesia, which has a high power distance. This study used interview procedures to obtain information about supervisor’s abusive behavior, and it was also assessed by experts. The results of this study indicated that abusive supervision was a 3-dimensional construct. There were anger-active abuse (6 items), humiliation-active abuse (4 items), and passive abuse (15 items). These scales have internal reliabilities of 0.947, 0.922, and 0.845, in sequence.        

Parametric Assessments of High-Pressure and Low-Pressure Conduction Cooldown Events for the VHTR

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobumasa Tsuji ◽  
Masaaki Nakano ◽  
Matt Richards
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Outlet Temperature ◽  
Primary Coolant ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Passively Safe ◽  
The U.S

The Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) has been selected by the U.S. as the Generation IV technology for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP), and both the U.S. and Japan have been developing VHTR concepts based on a prismatic, block-type core design. For these VHTR concepts, the primary coolant (helium) inlet temperature is expected to be in the range 490°C to 590°C and the outlet temperature is expected to be in the range 850°C to 950°C. Passive safety is one of the fundamental requirements for the VHTR, and the VHTR is designed to be passively safe even during Loss of Coolant Accidents (LOCAs) and Loss of Flow Accidents (LOFAs). For the VHTR, these two transient events are referred to as a Low-Pressure Conduction Cooldown (LPCC) and High-Pressure Conduction Cooldown (HPCC), respectively. During both events, the decay heat is conducted through the graphite to the vessel. The heat is transferred from the vessel by thermal radiation and natural convection to a passive Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS). In this paper, we describe parametric studies of LPCC and HPCC events using a 30-degree sector, 3-dimensional ANSYS model of the VHTR, which includes a detailed radiation exchange model between the RPV and RCCS.

Polymetamorphic greenschists with Al-rich green spinels (the Western Carpathian Mts.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Hovorka
Keyword(s):  
Thin Section ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Metamorphic Rock ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Material Type ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Igcp Project

AbstractDuring the course of the UNESCO/IGCP project nr. 442 (1999–2001) the present author, along with several colleagues, has described rare raw material types, used in the Neolithic/Aeneolithic, for the construction of stone implements. A metamorphic rock-type (greenschist) containing a substantial amount of Al-rich green spinels, is of special interest. This raw material type is characterized in this contribution.The rocks, which are the object of the present study, are metamorphic rocks of the greenschist association (containing monoclinic as well as rhombic amphiboles, and Al-rich green spinels in a substantial (5–20 vol. %) amount). Accessory mineralsnot necessarily encountered in each thin section, are olivine, orthopyroxene, corundum, clinozoisite, muscovite, cordierite, various plagioclases (albite and anorthite included), phlogopite, ilmenite, magnetite and sphene. The results of microprobe analyses for individual rock-forming minerals are presented. The genesis of the described rock-types is complicated; they are product of three metamorphic events (M1, M2, M3).

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Robert Glaeser ◽  
Thomas Bauer ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

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