A Conceptual Framework in Developing a New Location Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 2631-2635
Author(s):  
Hashibah Hamid Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Location Model ◽  
Mixed Variables ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Smoothing Process ◽  
New Location ◽  
Original Information

The original purpose of the location model is to deal with mixed variables discrimination for classification purposes. Due to the problem of empty cells, smoothed location model is introduced. However, the smoothed location model had smoothed all the cells either empty or not, where the smoothing process causing changesto the original information of the non-empty cells. As it is well known that those original informationis a valuable source and important in any study that should be maintained. To address the aforementioned issues, an amalgamationof maximum likelihood and smoothing estimations is introduced to construct a new location model. The amalgamation of both estimations is expected could handle all situations whether the cells are empty or not based on several settings of sample size and number of variables.

A comparative review of methods for comparing means using partially paired data

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 1323-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Guo ◽  
Ying Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
T Test ◽  
Type I ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Modified Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Normally Distributed

In medical experiments with the objective of testing the equality of two means, data are often partially paired by design or because of missing data. The partially paired data represent a combination of paired and unpaired observations. In this article, we review and compare nine methods for analyzing partially paired data, including the two-sample t-test, paired t-test, corrected z-test, weighted t-test, pooled t-test, optimal pooled t-test, multiple imputation method, mixed model approach, and the test based on a modified maximum likelihood estimate. We compare the performance of these methods through extensive simulation studies that cover a wide range of scenarios with different effect sizes, sample sizes, and correlations between the paired variables, as well as true underlying distributions. The simulation results suggest that when the sample size is moderate, the test based on the modified maximum likelihood estimator is generally superior to the other approaches when the data is normally distributed and the optimal pooled t-test performs the best when the data is not normally distributed, with well-controlled type I error rates and high statistical power; when the sample size is small, the optimal pooled t-test is to be recommended when both variables have missing data and the paired t-test is to be recommended when only one variable has missing data.

Finite Sample Properties of Several Predictors From an Autoregressive Model

1987 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Maekawa
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Asymptotic Expansions ◽  
Autoregressive Model ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Finite Sample Properties

We compare the distributional properties of the four predictors commonly used in practice. They are based on the maximum likelihood, two types of the least squared, and the Yule-Walker estimators. The asymptotic expansions of the distribution, bias, and mean-squared error for the four predictors are derived up to O(T−1), where T is the sample size. Examining the formulas of the asymptotic expansions, we find that except for the Yule-Walker type predictor, the other three predictors have the same distributional properties up to O(T−1).

scholarly journals Two-Stage Adaptive Optimal Design with Fixed First-Stage Sample Size

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lane ◽  
Nancy Flournoy
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Asymptotic Distribution ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Small Pilot Study ◽  
Distribution Of The Maximum ◽  
Optimal Procedures ◽  
Mean Function

In adaptive optimal procedures, the design at each stage is an estimate of the optimal design based on all previous data. Asymptotics for regular models with fixed number of stages are straightforward if one assumes the sample size of each stage goes to infinity with the overall sample size. However, it is not uncommon for a small pilot study of fixed size to be followed by a much larger experiment. We study the large sample behavior of such studies. For simplicity, we assume a nonlinear regression model with normal errors. We show that the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimates converges to a scale mixture family of normal random variables. Then, for a one parameter exponential mean function we derive the asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood estimate explicitly and present a simulation to compare the characteristics of this asymptotic distribution with some commonly used alternatives.

OPTIMAL INVARIANT INFERENCE WHEN THE NUMBER OF INSTRUMENTS IS LARGE

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Chioda ◽  
Michael Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimator ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Asymptotic Efficiency ◽  
Rotation Invariance ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Likelihood Estimator ◽  
Rotation Invariant

This paper studies the asymptotic behavior of a Gaussian linear instrumental variables model in which the number of instruments diverges with the sample size. Asymptotic efficiency bounds are obtained for rotation invariant inference procedures and are shown to be attainable by procedures based on the limited information maximum likelihood estimator. The bounds are obtained by characterizing the limiting experiment associated with the model induced by the rotation invariance restriction.

scholarly journals Weighted Maximum Likelihood Correlation Coefficient to Handle Missing Values and Outliers in Data Set

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 415-430
Author(s):  
Juthaphorn Sinsomboonthong ◽  
Saichon Sinsomboonthong
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Median Correlation

The proposed estimator, namely weighted maximum likelihood (WML) correlation coefficient, for measuring the relationship between two variables to concern about missing values and outliers in the dataset is presented. This estimator is proven by applying the conditional probability function to take care of some missing values and pay more attention to values near the center. However, outliers in the dataset are assigned a slight weight. These using techniques will give the robust proposed method when the preliminary assumptions are not met data analysis. To inspect about the quality of the proposed estimator, the six methods—WML, Pearson, median, percentage bend, biweight mid, and composite correlation coefficients—are compared the properties in two criteria, i.e. the bias and mean squared error, via the simulation study. The results of generated data are illustrated that the WML estimator seems to have the best performance to withstand the missing values and outliers in dataset, especially for the tiny sample size and large percentage of outliers regardless of missing data levels. However, for the massive sample size, the median correlation coefficient seems to have the good estimator when linear relationship levels between two variables are approximately over 0.4 irrespective of outliers and missing data levels

Conceptual frameworks for the drivers and barriers of integrated sustainable solid waste management

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gahana Gopal C. ◽  
Yogesh B. Patil ◽  
Shibin K.T. ◽  
Anand Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
To Come ◽  
Power And Dependence

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to formulate frameworks for the drivers and barriers of integrated sustainable solid waste management (ISSWM) with reference to conditions prevailing in India. Design/methodology/approach A multi-phased approach was adopted in this paper to come up with the conceptual framework of the drivers and barriers of ISSWM. In the first phase, drivers and barriers of ISSWM were identified based on a systematic literature review process. In the second phase, 25 experts having 15 plus years of experience in the field of sustainable development and environmental management were consulted to get their opinion. Validation and understanding of the interrelationship among the selected drivers and barriers were done based on the insights from expert interviews. And in the final phase, structural self-interaction matrix and transitive links are defined based on the expert opinion to come up with the theoretical frameworks of drivers and barriers of ISSWM. Findings Findings reveal the importance to have a system view point approach by giving equal importance to social, environmental and economic pillars of sustainability along with the technology component to effectively and sustainably manage the solid waste disposal. Institutional effectiveness and the robust policy and frameworks are the two variables found to have the highest driving power. Poor social values and ethics, huge population and illiteracy are the three most critical barriers faced by developing nations in achieving the sustainability practices in the solid waste management. The proposed frameworks of drivers and barriers of ISSWM will definitely help policy makers to effectively manage the sustainable waste management practices for developing economies by focusing on the key variables listed out. Research limitations/implications One of the limitations is in the use of very limited sample size in the study. Another limitation is that total interpretive structural modeling fails to come up with the relative weightings of drivers and barriers used in the study. These limitations can be overcome by extending the research by using a semi-structured questionnaire survey with higher sample size for the empirical validation of the model. Practical implications This research will help to clearly understand the framework of drivers and barriers of variables and their hierarchical level based on the driving power and dependence. Since such articles focusing on the conceptual frameworks of drivers and barriers of ISSWM are found to be very scant, this paper will equally help academicians and waste management professionals to understand the concepts deeply, by getting answers to the fundamental questions of “what,” “why” and “how.” Developed framework of drivers explicitly shows the need to attain financial stability through the commercialization of the waste management initiatives, which will help to reduce burden on various governmental institutions. Commercialization opportunities will also help to have more successful start-up ventures in solid waste management domain that can provide improved employment opportunities and hygiene environment in the developing nations like India. Originality/value Based on the authors’ best knowledge, there is hardly any article that explicitly explains the conceptual frameworks of the drivers and barriers of ISSWM by considering the conditions prevailing in developing countries like India. And thus, this can be considered as one of the unique research attempts to build a clear conceptual framework of ISSWM. The study contributes significantly to the existing literature body by clearly interpreting the interrelationships and the driving power and dependence of variables of ISSWM.

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