Background: Gelsemium sempervirens (Gelsemium s.) is a highly toxic plant but is employed at low doses and/or high dilutions as an anxiolytic and antidepressant. Previous investigations in our laboratory [1,2] have shown a significant anxiolytic-like activity of Gelsemium s., using emotional response models in laboratory mice. Although there is some biochemical evidence of a possible role of neurosteroid metabolism [3], the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the effects of Gelsemium s. at the level of nervous system are largely unknown. To help determine these pathways, we used human neurocytes (SH-SY5Y cell line) treated in vitro with different dilutions of Gelsemium s. and evaluated their vitality and gene expression changes.
Methods: The drugs were produced by Boiron Laboratoires, Lyon (F), starting from a whole-plant-hydroalcoholic extract of Gelsemium s. Solutions 1C, 2C, 3C, 4C, 8C and 29C (C= centesimal dilution/dynamization prepared in 30% ethanol/distilled water) were provided in 30-ml glass bottles, wrapped in aluminium foil and were stored in the dark at room temperature in a metal cupboard. Control solutions (“placeboâ€ÂÂ) were serially diluted/dynamized 30% ethanol/distilled water. Before each experiment, 0.05 ml samples of Gelsemium s. and placebo were added to 5 ml of distilled sterile and apyrogenic water in a 15 ml Falcon polystyrene plastic tube, closed and shaken in mechanical shaker DinaA for 7.5 sec (150 strokes) to obtain the final 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C, 9C and 30C succussed dilutions, with ethanol concentration of 0.3% (v/v) (final 0.03% in the assay system).
Human neuroblastoma cell line SHSY5Y was grown in DMEM-F12 medium (Lonza), with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin (100 units/ml) and streptomycin (100 mg/ml). To assess cell viability and metabolism, 20,000 cells per well were seeded in 96 microplate wells in 200 μl of medium. After overnight incubation, 22 μl of drug or placebo were added and the plate was incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 in a humidified atmosphere for 72 hours. Then the viability test with reagent WST-1 (Roche) was performed for 3 hours and the absorbance was detected with multiplate reader. A total of 17 experiments, each done with six replicate microwells. To make a relative measurement of protein, the cells were lysed and a Bradford assay was done directly in the plate. The Student t-test and the sign rank test for paired data were utilized for data analysis.
To obtain a profile of gene expression, cells were pre preconditioned with Gelsemium s./placebo dilutions for 24 h, then RNA was isolated and analysed by microarray and RT-PCR. SHSY5Y cells were plated onto Petri dishes (day 1) and the day after the medium was replaced with the medium with 2% FBS (day 2). After 24h, 10%v/v Gelsemium s. or placebo dilutions were added to the medium (day 3) and cells were incubated for a further 24h. On day 4, cells were then harvested and the RNA extracted using the Qiagen RNAeasy Mini Kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. Microarray analysis was performed on a custom 12 x 135 k human NimbleGen microarray containing 45033 genes with 3 probes per target gene. Four biological replicates were analysed for each condition. Analysis of differentially expressed genes was performed using linear modelling and empirical Bayes methods and p-values were adjusted for multiple testing with the Benjamini and Hochberg method. A Human Neurotransmitter Receptors and Regulators RT2 Profiler PCR array (Qiagen) was performed in profiling the expression of genes involved in modulating the biological processes of neurotransmitter biosynthesis, uptake, transport and signaling through neurotransmitter receptors.
Results: In viability tests, cells treated with Gelsemium s. showed slightly higher metabolic activity (3-4 %) than those treated with placebo. Overall comparison of the data for the whole sample of placebo versus that of Gelsemium s. using the Student t-test showed a small but significant difference (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a non parametric approach comparing the two treatments at the same dilution yielded a significant difference under the sign test (p < 0.01) and Wilcoxon rank test for paired data (p < 0.05), so that the values of differences were also considered. The differences between groups having the same dilution (placebo 2C versus Gelsemium s. 2C etc.) were significant in four dilutions: 2 C, 3 C, 4C (p < 0.01), 9 C (p < 0.02), while 5 C and 30 C yielded non-significant values. No changes due to Gelsemium s. were detected using protein assay, suggesting that the viability test revealed effects on metabolic activity instead of on cell proliferation.
In microarray analysis, transcripts expression was analyzed and genes differentially expressed by the Gelsemium s. dilutions were selected. A gene was considered to be differentially expressed if it showed an absolute value of log-ratio greater than or equal to 0.5, an index that translates to a fold-change of 1.4 in transcript quantity. Out of a total of 45,033 transcripts, exposure to Gelsemium s. 2C promoted the selective downexpression of 49 genes (p values adj
Backpropagation-Based Decoding for Multimodal Machine Translation
