scholarly journals The V. Schoeneman Case: Einsatzkommando 8, the Wehrmacht and the Holocaust

Lex Russica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
A. P. Grakhotskiy
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

In 1964, the trial of Werner Schoenemann, the commander of one of the 6 punitive units of the Einsatzkommando 8, took place in Cologne. The criminal was charged with mass executions of Jews on the territory of Belarus in late June — September 1941. The paper shows how the former Nazi tried to avoid criminal responsibility and what legal assessment by the German justice his atrocities received. V. Schoeneman denied his guilt and sought to shift responsibility for what he had done to the Wehrmacht troops. The defendant argued that the actions of extermination of Jews were carried out on the initiative of the German armed forces and were in the nature of reprisals; they were designed to force the local population to abandon the conduct of guerrilla warfare. Based on the testimony of the accused, law enforcement officers detained three officers of the 354th Infantry Regiment involved in the liquidation of the Jewish community of the town of Krupki (September 18, 1941). During the investigation, it was established that the service members provided support to members of the Einsatzkommando 8 during the execution, but were not the initiators of this atrocity. For complicity in the grave murders of 2,170 Jews in the settlements of Slonim, Borisov, Smolevichi, Krupki and others, V. Schoeneman was sentenced to 6 years in prison. When assigning such a lenient punishment, representatives of the German Themis relied on the dominant approach to assessing the criminal activities of former Nazis in the 1960s. According to the jury, the defendant was only a submissive executor of orders, an impersonal, devoid of his own motives “cog” in the mechanism of the Nazi state. V. Schoeneman did not repent of what he had done. For the former punisher, Jewish victims were still just dry figures in the reports, thanks to which he sought to make a career. Schoeneman’s case proves that Wehrmacht service members took an active part in the Holocaust along with members of the Einsatzkommandos. The genocide, unprecedented in the history of humankind, became possible only because of the broad participation of German citizens representing various social strata and professional groups.

FARC, Shining Path, and Guerillas in Latin America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Becker
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Labor Movements ◽  
Grassroots Organizing ◽  
Guerrilla Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

Armed insurrections are one of three methods that the left in Latin America has traditionally used to gain power (the other two are competing in elections, or mass uprisings often organized by labor movements as general strikes). After the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, guerrilla warfare became the preferred path to power given that electoral processes were highly corrupt and the general strikes too often led to massacres rather than a fundamental transformation of society. Based on the Cuban model, revolutionaries in other Latin American countries attempted to establish similar small guerrilla forces with mobile fighters who lived off the land with the support of a local population. The 1960s insurgencies came in two waves. Influenced by Che Guevara’s foco model, initial insurgencies were based in the countryside. After the defeat of Guevara’s guerrilla army in Bolivia in 1967, the focus shifted to urban guerrilla warfare. In the 1970s and 1980s, a new phase of guerrilla movements emerged in Peru and in Central America. While guerrilla-style warfare can provide a powerful response to a much larger and established military force, armed insurrections are rarely successful. Multiple factors including a failure to appreciate a longer history of grassroots organizing and the weakness of the incumbent government help explain those defeats and highlight just how exceptional an event successful guerrilla uprisings are.

scholarly journals Suicidal behavior in German military service members: An analysis of attempted- and completed suicides between 2010 and 2016

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256104
Author(s):  
Christian Helms ◽  
Florian Wertenauer ◽  
Kai-Uwe Spaniol ◽  
Peter Lutz Zimmermann ◽  
Gerd-Dieter Willmund
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Service Members ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Completed Suicide ◽  
Military Service Members ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Rank Group

Studies identified service members of the United States (US) Armed Forces as a high-risk group for suicide. A significant increase in the suicide rate in the US Armed Forces was found in recent years. To date, there is no military suicide statistic available for the German Armed Forces. This study examined attempted and completed suicides in active service members of the German Armed Forces between 2010 and 2016 retrospectively, on the basis of archived personal and medical records in the central archives of the Medical Service of German Armed Forces. The primary goal was to establish a suicide-statistic for the German Armed Forces and to calculate and compare the suicides rates with the German population. Secondary every case’s data was analysed the groups of attempted and completed suicides were compared. 262 attempted suicides and 148 completed suicides were included in this study (N = 410). The suicide rates of the German Armed Forces peaked over the years 2014–2015 with a suicide rate of 15–16/100.000 active military service members and exceeded the civilian suicide rate in Germany of around 12/100.000 people during those years, although no general trend could be determined. These service members were mostly young men (attempted suicide 81.7%, completed suicide 99.3%), at the age of 17 - <35 years old (87% attempted suicide, 68,3% completed suicide), and were employed less than 6 years in the German Armed Forces (attempted suicide 72.9%, completed suicide 46.3%). Service members with attempted suicides belonged mostly to the military North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-rank-group for other ranks (lowermost military professionals) OR-1 –OR-4 (48.1%) or to the rank-group OR-6 –OR-9 in the group of completed suicides (34.5%). Only in about one third of cases a psychiatric diagnosis could be found in the records. Most frequent diagnoses were neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision^ICD-10: F4) in 46.8%, and affective disorders (ICD-10: F3) in 43.3% of all cases. In the majority of cases there were signs for potential stressors in the private sector (attempted suicide 90.6%, completed suicide 82.6%). No typical risk factors which would enable a specific prevention could be identified in this analysis. Therefore, should preventive strategies be aiming at a multi-level intervention program.

Local population studies using parish registers: ideas for future research

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Andrew Hinde ◽  
Paul Tomblin
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Future Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Research

This short note discusses possible ideas for future research using parish register data and ways in which local and amateur historians might contribute to a new research agenda. In this, it is an attempt to resurrect and strengthen the links between amateur and professional historians that were integral to the work of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure in the 1960s and 1970s, and which led to the foundation of the journal Local Population Studies. The ideas discussed here are not fully formed, and should be seen as a contribution to a research agenda which is likely to be fluid, open-ended and responsive to initiatives from local and family historians.

scholarly journals Stress Eesilience in Special Operations - Simulation-based Counter-terrorism Training from a Communication Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
P. Merkt ◽  
S. Wilk Vollmann ◽  
V. Krcmery
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Outreach Workers ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Operational Medicine ◽  
First Time

Master students of the part-time study program in the winter semester 2020/21 Crisis & Emergency Management successfully complete the study module Operational Medicine 18F for the first time. Furthermore, participants from the professional groups of the health service, aid organizations, specialized police forces, the German Armed Forces as well as mission and outreach workers were represented in South Germany.

scholarly journals Colonial experience and the theory of counter-guerrilla warfare in the USA: a source study of materials from the RAND Corporation in the first half of the 1960s

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Nesterov
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War

This paper analyzes materials of the RAND Corporation of the first half of the 1960s, devoted to the study of the colonial experience of European empires and the theory of counter-guerrilla warfare. The entire set of documents created by the RAND Corporation allows researchers, firstly, to analyze the intellectual resource available to the American establishment before the invasion of Vietnam, and to understand the causes of the mistakes and successes of the US armed forces in this region, and secondly, these materials allow to analyze the role of colonial and anthropological knowledge in US foreign policy during the Cold War. The sources considered by us in the paper can be classified both by their typology and by their subject matter: from the point of view of typology, RAND Corporations materials are divided into articles, memoranda and symposia materials, as well as from the point of view of subjects on the research of the war for Algeria, the Malay Company, counter-guerrilla warfare in Vietnam and general theoretical issues related to counter-insurgency operations. In the conclusion of the paper the author says about the great role of these sources in the study, both colonial experience and the theory of counter-guerrilla warfare, as well as military, political, social and economic, thus contributing to the interdisciplinarity of scientific papers.

Ein Blick von innen – die Entwicklung von S+F

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-234
Author(s):  
Patricia Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Peace Education ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Peace Movement ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

The author gives an overview of the development of the journal S+F. In 38 volumes more than 1,300 articles have discussed a wide range of topics, from the peace movement, peace education, peace logics, peacebuilding, pacifism, human rights as well as the development of the German Armed Forces, foreign missions, arms control, terrorism, interventions. In addition to domestic issues such as reunification of Germany or the demise of the Eastern Bloc, the focus was on regions and international organizations that were of particular relevance to the discourse in Europe. Democratization processes, climate change, gender issues, migration, populism or the influence of new technologies were also included in the discussion. The history of the magazine’s development is closely linked to contemporary events. Over time, the changes in the editorial circle as well as the political events and challenges are reflected in the journal’s different conceptions and focuses.

scholarly journals “The Terek Host Cleaned out the Native Villages from the Infection with Their Own Hands”: Gorsko-Mozdok Regiments in the Ranks of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia in the Early 1919

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Ruslan Gagkuev ◽  
Svetlana Shilova
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
The South ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of

Introduction. The article focuses on the creation of Gorsko-Mozdock regiments of the Terek Cossack Host in the Early 1919 and their subsequent participation in combat operations. The article provides an overview of related historical literature and underlines the importance of further research into the history of the Terek Cossack Host during the Civil War and publication of historical sources. The introduction provides a detailed account of how Terek Cossacks were drafted to the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, and touches upon the difficulties associated with mobilization (not enough officers, undermanning, shortage of weapons and typhus outbreak). Materials. The article introduces a previously unavailable historical source – the order of Terek Cossack Host Mozdock division Ataman Yesaul S.N. Portyanko dated January 17, 1919 on the commencement of mobilization and formation of Cossack regiments. Analysis. The order demonstrates overly optimistic expectations of the Cossack leadership regarding the support of the local population and mobilization results. In real life, fast implementation of the command’s plans proved to be impossible due to the situation in Cossack stanitsas. The document shows the Cossack command’s commitment to mobilize all available resources in order to defeat the Soviet power. Results. The article sums up the considerations by pointing out that during the Civil War the majority of the Terek Cossack Host opposed the Soviet power and supplied considerable human resources to the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Despite the aforementioned difficulties caused by the situation in the region, the formation of Cossack regiments went rather well, and soon these regiments were dispatched to the front. The efforts undertaken by the Terek Cossack Host in the war against the Soviet power in 1919–1920 show the Cossacks’ unwavering commitment to give their all to victory. Upon the evacuation of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia from the Black Sea coast to the Crimea, Terek Cossacks could no longer hope for reinforcement and were incorporated into other White military units.

scholarly journals Polska kultura i nauka w 1968 roku. Uwarunkowania i podstawowe problemy egzystencji

2010 ◽  
pp. 77-107
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Cezary Król
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Women Of Letters ◽  
Witch Hunt

The author presents the determinants and basic problems of existence of Polish science and culture in the period preceding the turbulent year of 1968, as well as the events directly related to this key date in Poland’s history. The departure, by Mr Gomułka’s team, from the ‘achievements’ of the Polish October of ’56, that is, from certain concessions of a democratic nature, evoked deep disappointment in both institutions and the scientific, cultural and artistic milieus, and this, in time, led to attempts at protest. The PRP authorities and, most of all, the sections therein which were responsible for science, education and culture, systematically intervened in activities of the respective professional groups. The tightening of censorship, restrictions in the allocation of printing paper for books and periodicals, the closing down of newspapers, weeklies and magazines ‘inconvenient’ from the point of view of the authorities, the lack of opportunities for dialogue and constructive criticism, repressions against those who openly expressed their independent opinions, and the systematic surveillance of the scientific and creative milieus, were only a part of operations undertaken by the PRP powers-that-be in the second half of the 1960s. It was in that climate that a conflict between the state and the Roman Catholic Church was played out in the process of the Polish State Millennium celebrations in 1966, which coincided with the escalation of the party’s conflict with the intellectuals and men and women of letters, as well as with intra-party infighting between factions within the PUWP. It was the shortcomings of the centralised, command economy and the growing shortages in the shops which resulted in Poland’s situation becoming unstable and threatening to explode. The role of the fuse was performed by the events of March 1968, which were enacted in the cultural and scientific milieus: the turbulent meetings of Warsaw’s men and women of letters, the removal of Adam Mickiewicz’s Dziady (Forefathers’ Eve) from the National Theatre’s repertoire, the manifestation in protest against the removal which followed the last performance, and finally, the students’ rally in the courtyard of Warsaw University, as well as the strikes on the part of students and the personnel of higher education institutions in Warsaw and other Polish cities as the continuation of that rally. It was after these events, when the party had launched an anti-intelligentsia campaign, supplemented with an anti-Semite witch hunt and smear campaign, unleashed by the ‘partisans’ faction around Mieczysław Moczar and by Mr Władysław Gomułka himself. An ‘ethnic criterion’ was applied to the Polish scientific and cultural milieus, eliminating, in the climate of a media witch hunt, renowned academic teachers, scholars, film-makers, publishers, journalists, men and women of letters of Jewish extraction and, finally, driving them to emigrate from Poland. The Polish Armed Forces’ participation in the aggression against Czechoslovakia in 1968 evoked another wave of protests in Poland. The world of culture and science and its representatives living in the West expressed solidarity with the Czech and Slovak nations. This resulted in new arrests and the further emigration of the intellectual elites. It was the most dogmatic and anti-liberal faction of the party apparatchiks, supported by secret and overtcollaborators with the security structures, who came from different professional groups that were also related to science, culture and education, which became highly vocal and obtained wide access to the mass media. It was in this period that Polish culture and science toughened up and delivered itself of illusions; however, it also suffered losses, the recouping of which would be a painful process and, subsequently, would subsequently take its full toll of years.

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