Russian Archival Documents on the Revitalization of Buddhism Among the Kalmyks in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

Baatr Kitinov’s paper uses Russian archival documents to examine the late nineteenth century revitalisation of Buddhism among the Russian Kalmyk population. He identifies three stages in this process: 1. 1860–1880, when Mongols wanted to “find” an incarnation of the Seventh Jebtsundamba Khutughtu among the Kalmyks (“Turgut”) in Russia or Olüts in Chinese Xinjiang; 2. 1880–1904, when the Dalai Lama was in Mongolia and Kalmyks traveled to Tibet; and 3. from 1904 to the first years of Soviet power, during which they maintained close contacts with the Dalai Lama. He also identifies three internal factors for the revitalization of Buddhism amongst the Kalmyks: 1. the revival of Tantrism in khurul practices; 2. the presence of Buddhists from other lands among Kalmyks; 3. and the Russian authorities permitting Kalmyks to visit the Dalai Lama in Urga.

To the 100th anniversary of the Medical Faculty of Belarusian State University (1921–2021)

Objective. To study the process of formation of the Medical Faculty of Belarusian State University in the early 1920s.Materials and methods. Archival, periodical and narrative sources processed by general scientific and special historical research methods.Results. The emergency of a higher medical education in Belarus became possible only after the solid establishment of Soviet power in its territory. Political and ideological components played a significant role in the processes of the selection of future doctors and their education, but at the same time, democratic elements of self-government were implemented along with the formation of the Medical Faculty.Conclusion. Despite the successful experience of organizing the Medical Faculty of Belarusian State University, a small number of graduates in the 1920s and the general lack of doctors in the BSSR predetermined the need for its reorganization into an self-administered academic institution– Minsk Medical Institute.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN TURKESTAN VILLAGES AFTER THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SOVIET GOVERNMENT

The article describes the changes that took place in the social structure of the village of Turkestan at the beginning of the establishment of Soviet power, the dominance in agriculture of still individual small peasant farms. Formation of new social strata - collective farms and state farm workers, associated with new economic sectors of the economy - collective farms and state farms. KEY WORDS: village, farmer, farm, livestock, Turkestan, alienation, population, government, industry, poor, middle peasant, rich, religion, apparatus, individual farmer.

Formation of Soviet Postgraduate Studies in History in USSR in 1930s: Legislative Regulation and Practice

The formation of the institute of postgraduate studies in history in the USSR in the 1930s is examined in the article. The sources used are published legislative acts, journalistic materials, archival data. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the proposed problem was often considered in the context of the history of scientific and scientific and educational institutions or exclusively through regulatory legal acts without taking into account the practice that actually existed and developed under the influence of the community of scientists. Using the materials of curricula for the training of graduate students of Moscow University, Leningrad University, the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, as well as using the individual plans of graduate students, the author proves that the older generation of historians sought to integrate pre-revolutionary standards and mechanisms for training dissertation candidates into the new conditions of Soviet power. It is stated in the article that, despite the publication of numerous decrees, instructions, rules by government structures in relation to the institute of graduate school in the 1930s, there were no clear recommendations on the nature of the process of training scientific personnel. Supervisors of post graduate students, as a rule, themselves determined the scope of requirements for applicants. The author reveals the relative freedom of historians in determining the conditions and scientific criteria for entering the scientific community of neophytes.

THE CRIMINAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE DURING THE NEP

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the measures taken by the relevant Soviet authorities in the USSR during the period of the new economic policy (NEP) in order to eliminate the manifestations of organized crime. Objectives of the study: to determine the main causes of banditry and its manifestations in Soviet Ukraine in the NEP; to explore the ways and methods of struggle of the Soviet power against it. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific (logical, comparative), and special historical methods (problem-chronological). They allowed to determine this period, in which the problem of organized crime is studied specifically, in chronological and logical order. Comparative analysis was used to study individual phenomena of this process. The study is also based on the principles of scientificity, historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the manifestations of organized crime in Soviet Ukraine in 1921-1928 and ways to combat them was carried out. New archival documents on this issue and materials of periodicals of those years were put into scientific circulation. An attempt has been made to give an objective, unbiased assessment of these phenomena and the actions of the Soviet authorities in those years. Conclusions. The new economic policy of the Soviet state during the 1920's was implemented against the background of increasing manifestations of various social anomalies. The struggle against them took place in a difficult socio-economic situation in which the society found itself after the First World War. According to the analysis of the archival sources, the Soviet authorities attached great importance to these measures, and first of all to their termination. These problems were caused by various factors, but primarily by the destructive processes in society itself and the struggle of the Bolsheviks for the establishment of their power. This also applies to the events of the recent Civil War in the former Russian Empire and the state liberation struggle in Ukraine in 1917-1921. One of the main reasons for the growth of organized crime was a difficult economic situation caused by the effects of military communism. In the period under study, namely in the first half of the 1920's, the process of formation of the law enforcement system of the Soviet power took place. The main burden of responsibility for the state of the criminogenic situation in the country rested with the local police.

ESTABLISHMENT OF SOVIET AUTHORITY IN HRODNA AND HRODNA COUNT (SEPTEMBER 1939 - NOVEMBER 1939)

The purpose of the study is to reveal the process of formation of Soviet power in Hrodna and Hrodna Count during the period, the chronological framework of which is determined by the direct transition of the territories of Hrodna and Hrodna region under the control of the Red Army in September 1939, on the one hand, and their official incorporation into the BSSR in November 1939, on the other. This period, which preceded the formation of full-fledged Soviet authorities in the region, is defined in the article as transitional. The paper shows the process of forming interim administrations, notes the practice of sending civil servants, party and military figures from the regions of the BSSR and other regions of the USSR to Hrodna and Hrodna Count to recruit new local authorities and organize elections to the People's Assembly of Western Belorussia (PAWB), notes the goals and objectives of the PAWB activities set before it by the party leadership, reveals the specifics of organizing elections of deputies to the PAWB from Hrodna and Hrodna Count. The scientific contribution of the study was manifested in the coverage of the process of the initial stage of the formation of Soviet authorities on the territory of Hrodna and Hrodna county in the period preceding their official incorporation into the BSSR (September 1939 - November 1939). As a result, the dates of formation of interim administrations in Hrodna and Hrodna Count, the principle of recruitment of new government institutions, the undemocratic nature of the elections of deputies of the People's Assembly of Western Belorussia were determined. The assessment of the inclusion of Hrodna and Hrodna Count into the BSSR is given.

REVIEW OF MODERN RESEARCH ON THE HISTORY OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN SIBERIA AND THE FAR EAST IN THE 1917 – EARLY 1930S

Опорой для проведения современных образовательных реформ является исторический опыт, поэтому в современных исторических и историко-педагогических исследованиях проблемы истории образования занимают значительное место. В историографии вопросов развития педагогического образования в России долгие годы сохранялись две независимые исследовательские традиции, первая из которых была обращена к дореволюционной истории образования, вторая – к истории советской школы. Что касается истории образования в период революции и Гражданской войны, то глубоких научных работ, тем более в региональном разрезе, вплоть до конца XX в. практически не было. В первые десятилетия советской власти в историографии отношение к проблемам развития образования было напрямую связано с идеологическими установками. Последние предполагали критичное или исключительно негативное отношение к дореволюционному наследию. Постепенно утверждалось ошибочное мнение, что отечественное педагогическое образование началось с организации в СССР учебных заведений нового типа – педагогических институтов. В 1950–1960-е гг. история педагогического образования нередко рассматривалась как отдельное направление научных исследований, однако ученые акцентировали внимание на достижениях и нововведениях в организации советского образования, совершенно не учитывая объективных данных о многочисленных заимствованиях Наркомпросом политики, методов и приемов управления системой образования, сложившихся в дореволюционный период. Когда с конца 1960-х гг. исследователи получили возможность доступа ко многим ранее закрытым архивам, изучение истории педагогического образования обрело второе дыхание. Но только с 1990-х гг. постепенно исчезает догматическое отношение к историческому материалу 1917 – начала 1930-х гг., чему способствовало изменение общественных умонастроений, свобода слова, доступность исследователям обширных исторических материалов. В постсоветский период особую актуальность приобрел вопрос о преемственности досоветской и советской истории, в том числе и истории образования. В последнее время появилось значительное число публикаций, в которых напрямую или как сопутствующие рассматриваются проблемы подготовки учительских кадров в регионе в первые десятилетия советской власти. Вместе с тем во многих современных публикациях присутствуют неточности формулировок, ошибочные факты, которые кочуют из работы в работу. Подчас авторы пользуются ограниченным подбором источников, излишне вольно интерпретируют данные, что, безусловно, снижает качество научных исследований. Анализ литературы показал, что научных исследований, в комплексе раскрывающих процессы разработки в 1917 – начала 1930-х гг. стратегии модернизации советской системы педагогического образования и ее реализации в регионах, пока недостаточно. Обращает внимание полное отсутствие современных обобщающих работ по истории педагогического образования в условиях введения всеобщего обучения в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке. Historical experience is the basis for carrying out modern educational reforms; therefore, problems of the history of education occupy a significant place in modern historical and historical-pedagogical research. In the historiography of the development of pedagogical education in Russia, two independent research traditions have been preserved for many years, the first of which was directed to the pre-revolutionary history of education, the second to the history of the Soviet school. As for the history of education during the revolution and the Civil War, there were practically no deep scientific works, especially in the regional context, until the end of the 20th century. In the first decades of Soviet power, in historiography, the attitude towards the problems of the development of education was directly related to ideological attitudes that presupposed a critical or exclusively negative attitude towards the pre-revolutionary legacy. Gradually, the erroneous opinion was confirmed that domestic pedagogical education began with the organization in the USSR of educational institutions of a new type – pedagogical institutes. In the 1950s – 1960s the history of pedagogical education was often considered as a separate area of scientific research, however, researchers focused on the achievements and innovations in the organization of Soviet education, completely disregarding objective data on the numerous borrowings of the People’s Commissariat of Education of policies, methods and techniques for managing the education system that developed in the pre-revolutionary period. When from the late 1960s researchers got the opportunity to access many, previously closed archives, the study of the history of teacher education has found a “second wind”. But only since the 1990s the dogmatic attitude to historical material from 1917 to the early 1930s is gradually disappearing, which was facilitated by a change in public attitudes, freedom of speech, and the availability of extensive historical materials to researchers. In the post- Soviet period, the question of the continuity of the pre-Soviet and Soviet history, including the history of education, acquired particular relevance. In recent decades, a significant number of publications have appeared in which the problems of teacher training in the region in the first decades of Soviet power are directly or as related. At the same time, in many modern publications there are inaccuracies in wording, erroneous facts that wander from work to work. Sometimes authors use a limited selection of sources, interpret the data too freely, which undoubtedly reduces the quality of scientific research. Analysis of scientific literature showed that scientific research, in a complex revealing the development processes in 1917 – early 1930s the strategy of modernizing the Soviet system of pedagogical education and its implementation in the regions is still insufficient. Attention is drawn to the complete absence of modern generalizing works on the history of teacher education in the context of the introduction of universal education in Siberia and the Far East.

Interaction of institutions of power and education in North Ossetia in 1920-1930 s у.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы становления педагогического обра- зования в Северной Осетии в первые десятилетия советской власти. Государственная политика в сфере образования проводилась, исходя из экономических и идеологических задач нового политического режима. Политизация общественной жизни, борьба с инако- мыслием, всеобъемлющая идеологическая цензура, абсолютный контроль государства – эти и другие явления данного периода были характерны и для сферы высшего образо- вания. В статье впервые, на основе партийных документов, рассматриваются вопросы взаимодействия органов власти и образования. The article examines the problems of the formation of pedagogical education in North Ossetia in the fi rst decades of Soviet power. The state policy in the fi eld of education was carried out proceeding from the economic and ideological tasks of the new political regime. The politicization of public life, the fi ght against dissent, comprehensive ideological censorship, absolute control of the state: these and other phenomena of this period were characteristic of the sphere of higher education as well. The article, for the fi rst time, on the basis of party documents, examines the issues of interaction between the authorities and education.

"Practical Dialectics", or the Laws of History and the Sovereign Power of the Paradox

Статья посвящена анализу предложенного А.Л. Юргановым генезиса сталинской «практической диалектики». Отталкиваясь от полемики «механистов» и «диалектиков», Юрганов прослеживает становление такой диалектической структуры, где решающее значение имеет суверенная воля модератора. «Борьба на два фронта» – это логическая машина, которая всегда обеспечивает выигрыш тому, кто ее запускает. В статье эта «машина модерации» сопоставляется, с одной стороны, с размышлениями Карла Шмитта и Джорджо Агамбена о суверенитете и чрезвычайном положении, а с другой – с идеей Бориса Гройса о советской власти как о торжестве «медиума языка» над «медиумом денег». В финале намечается дальнейшая перспектива исследования роли этой машины в позднесоветских условиях. The article is devoted to the analysis of the conception of the genesis of Stalin's "practical dialectics" proposed by A.L. Yurganov. Starting from the polemics of "mechanists" and "dialecticians", Yurganov traces the formation of such a dialectical structure, where the sovereign will of the moderator is of decisive importance. A “fight on two fronts” is a logical machine that always wins for the one who launches it. The article compares this "moderation machine", on the one hand, with the thoughts of Carl Schmitt and Giorgio Agamben about sovereignty and a state of emergency, and on the other, with Boris Groys's idea of Soviet power as the triumph of the "medium of language" over the "medium of money." In the finale, a further perspective is outlined for researching the role of this machine in late Soviet conditions.