Response of soil-surface arthropod population densities across the 15 different soil management treatments

Biolife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-684
Author(s):  
Srinivas Reddy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Population Densities

scholarly journals Soil erosion and earthworm population responses to soil management systems in steep-slope vineyards ..

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vršič
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Population Responses ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Earthworm Population ◽  
Earthworm Populations

This study is aimed at investigating the effect of different vineyard soil management systems on soil erosion and earthworm (Lumbricidae) population. Three soil management systems were investigated: permanent green cover (control), straw-cover and periodic soil tillage. Inter-row periodic soil tillage was applied in 2002 and 2003 (May and August), and straw-cover in May 2002. Periodic soil tillage resulted in increased erosion, i.e. 1746 kg/ha of soil/per year, on average. The greater portion of erosive events occurred after tillage in summer (August 2002), which was accompanied by heavy rainfall and slow renewal of grass cover (slower than in spring). The lowest average amount of soil erosion was observed in the treatment with straw-cover (56 kg/ha per year). This management system provided better environment for earthworm populations, most of which were found close to the soil surface, especially in the dry year 2003. In periodical soil tillage, the majority of earthworms were found in the soil horizon not disturbed by the tillage, i.e. at the depth of 10&ndash;20 cm. The lowest number of earthworms (only 2 per m<sup>2</sup>) was recorded in the herbicide intra-row strip. &nbsp;

A comparison of methods of estimating lucerne population for monitoring persistence

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
AC Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Spatial Distributions ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Steel Mesh ◽  
Crown Size

Two sowing rates, 4 and 12 kg/ha, and two sowing methods, broadcast and drilled into 18 cm rows, were used to give different population densities and spatial distributions of a semi-winter dormant lucerne, Condura 73 Brand, in mown dryland plots. Lucerne population in these plots was monitored for the first 12 months after sowing by either estimating the frequency of cells occupied by plants, using a 1 m2 steel mesh with a 10 cm x 10 cm or a 5 cm x 5 cm grid, or estimating plant population by taking crown counts at the soil surface. To estimate the true plant population for each sowing rate and method, plots were excavated regularly and plant tap roots counted. Crown counts consistently underestimated the true plant population over the range of 35-450 plants/m2. The underestimation was greater at the higher sowing rate. At populations greater than 150 plants/m2, frequency estimates were not sensitive to changes in plant numbers, but within the range of 20-80 plants/m2 they reliably reflected changes in plant populations. In a second experiment, six lucerne cultivars with a range of dormancy characteristics and crown structures were used to investigate the effect of crown size and type. Although crown counts underestimated (P<0.05) the actual plant population of a highly winter active, narrow-crown cultivar, there were no significant differences between cultivars in the number of plants or their frequency estimates.

THE RESPONSE OF FLAX TO DIFFERENT POPULATION DENSITIES OF THE RED-BACKED CUTWORM, EUXOA OCHROGASTER (GN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Ayre
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Euxoa Ochrogaster ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractControlled field studies carried out in plots within a field of NorMan flax, Linum usitatissum L., showed that the loss of flax plants caused by the red-backed cutworm was proportional to the number of cutworm larvae present. A density of 16 larvae per 0.5 m2 destroyed most plants by severing the plant stems at the soil surface. The loss of only some plants at larval densities lower than 16 larvae per 0.5 m2 resulted in a small but significant increase in per plant yield but the increase did not completely compensate for the yield reductions caused by plant loss. The larvae removed plants in blocks with the result that the density of the remaining plants was unchanged and the opportunity for compensating plant growth was limited. An equation defining this relationship between larval densities and yield is presented. Ancillary experiments in which the population of cutworm larvae was sequentially sampled showed that, after an initial loss of about 20% when the plots were established in the field, the larval population remained constant. The proportion of the larvae found around damaged plants also remained constant until the larvae became immobile through preparation for pupation. Because of this stable relationship, reliable estimates of potential crop loss from cutworm larvae in flax should be possible by sampling for cutworms only around damaged plants within a specified row length.

VERTICAL MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA (NEMATODEA) UNDER TOMATO IN A SANDY LOAM GREENHOUSE SOIL

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. JOHNSON ◽  
C. D. McKEEN
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Greenhouse Soil ◽  
Tomato Yield

The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood 1949, escaped control by steam, Vorlex, or a combination of both at soil depths below 100 cm in naturally infested sandy loam greenhouse soil. Nematodes moved upward to infest the subsequent crop. In microplot studies M. incognita moved rapidly in both directions through a soil depth of 150 cm. High nematode population densities and root gall indices on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) roots were recorded through depths of 150 cm in soil inoculated with 4,400 M. incognita/kg in the top 30 cm or 120–135 cm below the surface. In the top 30 cm of soil this initial population density reduced tomato yield by 20% in the first crop and 70% in the second. Similar population densities 120–135 cm from the soil surface reduced tomato yield by 11% in the first crop and 59% in the second.

scholarly journals Estimating Non-Sustainable Soil Erosion Rates in the Tierra de Barros Vineyards (Extremadura, Spain) Using an ISUM Update

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 3317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino ◽  
Jesús Barrena-González ◽  
Manuel Pulido-Fernández ◽  
Artemi Cerdá
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Management System ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Soil Erosion Rates

Monitoring soil erosion processes and measuring soil and water yields allow supplying key information to achieve land degradation neutrality challenges. Vineyards are one of the most affected agricultural territories by soil erosion due to human and natural factors. However, the spatial variability of soil erosion, the number of sampling points, and plot size necessary to estimate accurate soil erosion rates remains unclear. In this research, we determine how many inter-rows should be surveyed to estimate the soil mobilization rates in the viticulture area of Tierra de Barros (Extremadura, SW Spain) using the Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM). This method uses the graft union of the vines as a passive biomarker of the soil surface level changes since the time of plantation and inter-row measures. ISUM was applied to three inter-row and four rows of vines (5904 sampling points) in order to determine how many surfaces and transects must be surveyed as all the previous surveys were done with only one inter-row. The results showed average values of soil depletion reaching −11.4, −11.8, and −11.5 cm for the inter-rows 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The current soil surface level descended 11.6 cm in 20 years. The inter-rows 1, 2, and 3 with a total area of 302.4 m2 each one (2016 points) recorded 71.4, 70.8, and 74.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. With the maximum number of sampling points (5904), 71.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1 were obtained. The spatial variability of the soil erosion was shown to be very small, with no statistically significant differences among inter-rows. This could be due to the effect of the soil profile homogenization as a consequence of the intense tillage. This research shows the potential predictability of ISUM in order to give an overall overview of the soil erosion process for vineyards that follow the same soil management system. We conclude that measuring one inter-row is enough to get an overview of soil erosion processes in vineyards when the vines are under the same intense tillage management and topographical conditions. Moreover, we demonstrated the high erosion rates in a vineyard within the viticultural region of the Tierra de Barros, which could be representative for similar vineyards with similar topographical conditions, soil properties, and a possible non-sustainable soil management system.

When is the Best Time to Emerge—II: Seed Mass, Maturation, and Afterripening of Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Natural Cohorts

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 846-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenxi Wu ◽  
Micheal D. K. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Primary Dormancy ◽  
Seed Population

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of emergence timing on the fitness of the next generation as represented by seed mass, maturation, and afterripening of common waterhemp cohorts. Five natural cohorts were documented both in 2009 and 2010. Different maternal environments resulting from varied cohort emergence timings did not influence seed maturation time and seed mass, but had an inconsistent effect on seed afterripening. Here are our major findings. (1) Waterhemp cohorts needed similar amounts of time to generate viable seeds (20 to 27 d after flower initiation) and the seeds produced were of similar size (2.0 to 2.35 g), and (2) waterhemp has strong primary dormancy that may be released within 4 mo during the afterripening process, depending on the dormancy level. Seeds produced by later cohorts were more sensitive to the afterripening period, suggesting more flexibility in life strategy. Seeds from the 2009 cohorts had similar afterripening patterns; newly harvested seeds had strong primary dormancy (<10% germination), which was gradually released during dry storage and reached the maximum germination (>80%) rate 4 mo after harvest (MAH). However, germination then dropped to 40% 6 and 8 MAH, suggesting the induction of secondary seed dormancy. Strong primary dormancy at harvest for 2010 seeds was sustained in dry afterripening, perhaps because of higher dormancy level, which was the result of less-favorable parental environments brought by 10 to 30 times higher population densities and 2.5 to 5 times higher accumulative precipitation than in 2009 (see Wu and Owen 2014). We also tested the soil seed-bank seed population densities for each waterhemp cohort and found that early cohorts greatly influenced the seed population densities at the soil surface level and the turnover rate of the soil seed bank. Results from this research will provide insights into better management of waterhemp, targeting a better understanding of the seed bank.

scholarly journals Physical properties of Oxisol under conventional corn cultivation and no-till management systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ((03) 2019) ◽  
pp. 403-411
Author(s):  
Paula Regina de Oliveira ◽  
José Frederico Centuron ◽  
Cinara Xavier de Almeida ◽  
Adilson Pelá ◽  
Fabiana de Souza Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Porous System ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Surface Charges ◽  
No Till ◽  
Medium Texture

Searches for soil management systems that aim at maintaining soil quality are fundamental, along with sustainable agricultural and farming management. Thus, the aim of the present research was to assess soil parameters such as porous system, soil resistance to penetration, aggregate stability, relative soil density and the S index of an Oxisol under the conventional and no-till sowing management systems of corn production. They soils of the experimental areas were classified as a typical Oxisol with medium texture (LVd1) and typical Oxisol of clayey texture (LVd2). The experimental design was completely randomized split plot, with six replications. The plots (60 m2) consisted of six soil management systems (1 - SD1LVd1 = after one year no-till sowing; 2 - SD8LVd1 = after 8 years no-till sowing; 3 - SD10LVd1 = after 10 years no-till sowing; 4 - CCLVd1 = conventional sowing; 5 - SD12LVd2 = after 12 years no-till sowing; 6 - CCLVd2 = conventional sowing) and the subplots consisted of three soil layers (0-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m deep). The results showed that in three analyzed layers, the no-till sowing on medium texture Oxisol had higher densities. Treatments of medium texture Oxisol showed higher values of maximum soil density. This occurred because the clay content influenced a larger quantity of surface charges and specific surface area which decreased the susceptibility to soil compacting. The 12-year-old no-till sowing yielded the lowest corn productivity (5.9 Mg ha-1), probably due to the formation of compact layers, mainly near the soil surface.

Soil water use from an apple orchard under various soil management systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (43) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
JDF Black ◽  
PD Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Bare Land ◽  
Mature Apple

Commencing at field capacity, changes in soil moisture levels over fourteen-day drying periods were compared for mature apple trees under various soil management systems during spring and summer. In spring, the rate of loss under trees in a mown pasture was greater than under trees in cultivation or herbicide. In summer, the rate of loss under trees in uncontrolled summer weed growth after spring cultivation (trashy cultivation) was greater than under trees in mown pasture, clean cultivation or herbicide treatment, but the mown pasture did not differ from the bare land treatments. It is proposed that the influence of the tree on the microclimate at the soil surface is responsible for these effects. Differences in yield under the treatments were not statistically significant and there were no consistent differences in fruit growth rates over the whole season.

Integrated nematode management and crop health: future challenges and opportunities.

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sikora ◽  
Leendert P. G. Molendijk ◽  
Johan Desaeger
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Nematode Management ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Crop Health

Abstract This chapter focuses on the 5 pillars and management tools available for integrated nematode management (INM), i.e. rotation, cultivar choice, soil management, targeted control and monitoring and evaluation. The management tools making up the pillar are also presented, i.e. prevention of nematode introduction, reduction of nematode population densities, improvement of crop tolerance and supportive tools and tactics. Some future challenges and opportunities for INM are also presented.

scholarly journals ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS OF AN IRRIGATED OXISOL UNDER NO-TILL AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID REGION

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL PEREIRA SALES ◽  
RODINEI FACCO PEGORARO ◽  
ARLEY FIGUEIREDO PORTUGAL ◽  
JOSÉ ALOÍSIO ALVES MOREIRA ◽  
MARCOS KOITI KONDO
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
No Till ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions

ABSTRACT The replacement of natural vegetation by crop systems directly impacts the soil organic matter fractions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) contents in different fractions of the soil organic matter (SOM) of an Oxisol of the Brazilian semiarid region under different irrigated crops and different soil management systems. Seven treatments were evaluated, which consisted of two soil management systems (no-till and conventional tillage) and three crops (maize, sunflower and sorghum), using as reference the soil under a native forest (NF). The summer crops preceded common bean crops in the autumn-winter. The total organic carbon content, total nitrogen, carbon content in humic substances and their constituents (fulvic acids, humic acids and humin) and labile, non-labile and water-soluble carbon contents were evaluated two years and three months after the experiment implementation to determine the carbon lability (L) lability index (LI), partitioning index (CPI) and management index (CMI). The greatest carbon, nitrogen and organic matter contents in the soil surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) were found in crops under no-till system (NTS), especially maize. The crops under NTS presented greater carbon content in humic substances than the conventional tillage system (CTS) ones in the layer 0.05-0.10 m. The crops under NTS presented greater sustainability in the Brazilian semiarid region compared with those under CTS, as shown by their higher CMI in the soil surface layer.

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