Social transfer in seven countries, 1820-2016

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Transfer

scholarly journals Adolescent depression, early psychiatric comorbidities, and adulthood welfare burden: a 25-year longitudinal cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Alaie ◽  
Richard Ssegonja ◽  
Anna Philipson ◽  
Anne-Liis von Knorring ◽  
Margareta Möller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Social Transfer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Depression at all ages is recognized as a global public health concern, but less is known about the welfare burden following early-life depression. This study aimed to (1) estimate the magnitude of associations between depression in adolescence and social transfer payments in adulthood; and (2) address the impact of major comorbid psychopathology on these associations. Methods This is a longitudinal cohort study of 539 participants assessed at age 16–17 using structured diagnostic interviews. An ongoing 25-year follow-up linked the cohort (n = 321 depressed; n = 218 nondepressed) to nationwide population-based registries. Outcomes included consecutive annual data on social transfer payments due to unemployment, work disability, and public assistance, spanning from age 18 to 40. Parameter estimations used the generalized estimating equations approach. Results Adolescent depression was associated with all forms of social transfer payments. The estimated overall payment per person and year was 938 USD (95% CI 551–1326) over and above the amount received by nondepressed controls. Persistent depressive disorder was associated with higher recipiency across all outcomes, whereas the pattern of findings was less clear for subthreshold and episodic major depression. Moreover, depressed adolescents presenting with comorbid anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders evidenced particularly high recipiency, exceeding the nondepressed controls with an estimated 1753 USD (95% CI 887–2620). Conclusion Adolescent depression is associated with considerable public expenditures across early-to-middle adulthood, especially for those exposed to chronic/persistent depression and psychiatric comorbidities. This finding suggests that the clinical heterogeneity of early-life depression needs to be considered from a longer-term societal perspective.

scholarly journals Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies

PLoS Biology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e1001300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Konrad ◽  
Meghan L. Vyleta ◽  
Fabian J. Theis ◽  
Miriam Stock ◽  
Simon Tragust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Active Immunisation ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Social Transfer

Development of intentional stranding hunting techniques in killer whale (Orcinus orca) calves at Crozet Archipelago

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Guinet ◽  
Jérome Bouvier
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Killer Whale ◽  
Elephant Seal ◽  
Orcinus Orca ◽  
Killer Whales ◽  
Juvenile Female ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Social Transfer ◽  
High Degree

This paper describes the trend in the practice of what we interpret to be the "intentional stranding" hunting technique of two juvenile female killer whales (Orcinus orca), A4 and A5, belonging to pod A on the beaches of Possession Island, Crozet Archipelago. Pod A was composed of three adult females, A2, A3, A6, and one adult male, A1. A2 is A4's mother and A3 is A5's mother. The year of birth and thus the probable age of the two juveniles were estimated from their growth curve determined by means of a photogrammetric technique. These observations indicate that at Crozet Archipelago, juvenile killer whales first practiced intentional stranding on their own when they were 4–5 years old. Their first attempt to capture elephant seal pups by means of this technique was observed when they were 5–6 years old. However, 5- to 6-year-old juveniles still needed the assistance of an adult female to return to the water with their prey. This study indicates that learning hunting techniques needs a high degree of skill and requires high parental investment to reduce the associated risk. Furthermore, social transfer, through apprenticeship, is probably one of the mechanisms that enables the high degree of adaptability observed in killer whales.

scholarly journals Why has the COVID-19 pandemic increased support for Universal Basic Income?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Nettle ◽  
Elliott Johnson ◽  
Matthew Johnson ◽  
Rebecca Saxe
Keyword(s):  
Economic Situation ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Transfer ◽  
The Times ◽  
Changing World

AbstractThe onset of the 2020 global COVID-19 pandemic led to a marked increase in positive discussion of Universal Basic Income (UBI) in political and media circles. However, we do not know whether there was a corresponding increase in support for the policy in the public at large, or why. Here, we present three studies carried out during 2020 in UK and US samples. In study 1 (n = 802, April 2020), people expressed much stronger support for a UBI policy for the times of the pandemic and its aftermath than for normal times. This was largely explained by the increased importance they attached, in the pandemic context, to a system that is simple and efficient to administer, and that reduces stress and anxiety in society. In study 2 (n = 400, May 2020), we pitted UBI against a conditional targeted social transfer system. Preferences for UBI were stronger for pandemic times than for normal times. This was partially explained by a number of perceived advantages, such as simplicity of administration and suitability for a changing world. In study 3 (n = 397, September 2020), we found that the headline results of studies 1 and 2 persisted six months after the onset of the pandemic, albeit with attenuated effect sizes. Our results illustrate how a changing social and economic situation can bring about markedly different policy preferences, through changes in citizens’ perceptions of what is currently important.

Contextual determinants of the social-transfer-of-learning effect

2011 ◽  
Vol 211 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Milanese ◽  
Cristina Iani ◽  
Natalie Sebanz ◽  
Sandro Rubichi
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Learning ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Transfer ◽  
Contextual Determinants

The ‘dark side’ of the LEAP CCT programme in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Dennis Puorideme
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Cultural Discourses ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Governmental Intervention ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Social Transfer ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

Studies of social transfer targeting practices and mechanisms, including the proxy means test (PMT) instrument, have often assumed that the essential purpose of these mechanisms is to ensure fairness, cost-effectiveness and efficiency, yet there is limited consensus on their optimal performance. This article builds on recent studies of social transfer targeting practices in developing countries by providing a better interpretation of the power dynamics involved in ‘translating’ the PMT instrument at the intersection of official, public and cultural discourses. It is a Foucault-based study that combines ethnography and discourse studies to analyse the everyday actions and practices of programme officials and caregivers. This study demonstrates that officials legitimise and translate the PMT instrument, separate individuals from families, and constitute them as objects for governmental intervention to achieve efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The re-categorisation of family members into households ‘outside’ of everyday sociocultural relations and practices is contested and resisted, creating a complex system of power relationships around the PMT. 

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