contextual determinants
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2022 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Michael J. Mustafa ◽  
Siti Khadijah Zainal Badri ◽  
Hazel Melanie Ramos

Abstract Middle-managers' innovative behaviours are considered an essential determinant of firm-level innovativeness. While prior research has traditionally focused on the contextual determinants of middle-managers' innovative work behaviour (IWB), research regarding individual-level determinants continues to remain scant. Particularly lacking is research which explores how middle-managers' ownership feelings influence their IWB. This study investigates whether middle-managers' affective commitment mediates the relationship between their psychological ownership and their IWB. Data are collected from 110 middle-managers – supervisor dyads in a large Malaysian IT organisation. Findings from this study contribute to enhancing our understanding of the individual-level determinants of middle-managers' IWB.


Author(s):  
Liam Fenn ◽  
Karen Bullock

This article draws on interview data and the concepts of organisational ‘culture’ and ‘climate’ to critically assess police officers’ perceptions of community policing in one English constabulary. In so doing, it considers the cultural, organisational and wider contextual determinants of officers’ alignment to this style of police work. With an emphasis on developing community partnerships and engaging in problem-solving, rather than enforcement of the criminal law, community policing has been seen a primary way of rendering officers more ‘responsive’ to the needs of citizens, improving police–community relations and driving down crime rates. An important reform movement in police organisations around the world, the success of community policing nonetheless depends on officers’ willingness and ability to deliver it. Accordingly, the generation of evidence about the ‘drivers’ of officers’ attitudes to inform strategies to promote the delivery of the approach is essential. Findings suggest that officers value community policing as an organisational strategy but that the approach maintains a low status and is undervalued compared with other specialisms within the organisation. This is born of an organisational culture that foregrounds law enforcement as the primary function of police work and an organisational climate that reinforces it. This has implications for community officers in terms of their perceptions of and attitudes towards the approach, self-esteem and sense of value and worth, perceptions of organisational justice, discretionary effort and role commitment. Recommendations for police managers are set out.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alin Semenescu ◽  
Alin Gavreliuc

Besides its undeniable advantages, personal car use generates a wide array of problems, among which its contribution to global warming is probably the most severe. To implement sound policies that are effective in reducing private car use, it is essential to first understand its important antecedents. Structural, psychological and contextual predictors were extensively studied independently, yet integrative approaches that investigate all these factors in a single theoretical model are lacking. The present study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of car use behavior by proposing a model that includes structural, psychological and contextual determinants and tests this model on an international sample of drivers (N = 414). Responses were analyzed using a structural equation modeling approach. Results show that car use habits, perceived behavioral control, policy measures, fuel cost, infrastructure, temperature and level of precipitations significantly influence car use behavior. Such results support the inclusion of both structural (i.e., hard) and psychological (i.e., soft) factors in the design of policy interventions, while also considering contextual situations. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.


Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Mariana Pita ◽  
Joana Costa ◽  
António Carrizo Moreira

Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) have attracted the attention of academics, practitioners, and policymakers, that attempt to unlock ‘a winning recipe’ considering the different EEs pillars in order to ignite entrepreneurship at large. Therefore, understanding the degree of influence of each pillar on Entrepreneurial Initiative (EI) is helpful in framing more effective policies towards entrepreneurship. This study aims to bring a new facet to entrepreneurship research, specifically on decomposing the transformation of EEs and the influence of EEs pillars on EI. The transformation of EEs is shown by a balanced panel approach based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataset over 8 years (2010–2017), comprising 18 countries. The study has several implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice as well as public policy since discusses three main issues, mainly supported by empirical results. First, the results show an unbalanced influence of EEs pillars on EI. Second, results also show the ineffectiveness of institutions in encouraging the desire to act entrepreneurially. Third, entrepreneurship needs to be part of the acculturation process evidencing the importance of collective normative. Therefore, providing the instruments and structures is not enough to encourage individuals to start an entrepreneurial journey. Generally, the results reveal that contextual determinants are significant in fostering entrepreneurial propensity to start a business. But the impact of the nine pillars is not equalized, revealing a fragmented influence with funding measures, R&D transfer, and cultural and social norms discouraging entrepreneurial initiative. Overall, the study contributes to the understanding of a multidimensional perspective on EEs and points future policy directions to overcome the lack of entrepreneurship and amend flawed entrepreneurship policies.


Author(s):  
Kurt Alexander Ackermann ◽  
Linda Burkhalter ◽  
Thoralf Mildenberger ◽  
Martin Frey ◽  
Angela Bearth

Author(s):  
D. Daniel

Household hygiene is critical to prevent pathogen transmission at the household level. Assessing household hygiene conditions and their determinants are needed to improve hygiene conditions, especially in rural and less developed areas where the housing conditions are relatively worse than they are in urban areas. This study used data from 278 household interviews and observations in rural areas in the district of East Sumba, province East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The data were analyzed using statistical methods. In general, the household hygiene conditions in the study need to be improved. The main potential sources of pathogen transmission were from the surrounding environment, i.e., non-permanent floor and garbage, and personal hygiene, i.e., handwashing facilities with water and soap were only observed in the homes of four out of ten respondents. The presence of livestock roaming freely in the house’s yard was another source of contamination. Easy access to water and wealth significantly influenced the hygiene conditions. Implementing low-cost interventions, i.e., cleaning the house of garbage and animal feces and cleaning nails, should be the priority in immediate intervention, while providing easier access to water supply, especially during the dry season, could be a long-term intervention. This paper also argues that analyzing household hygiene conditions or practices should be complemented by analyzing contextual determinants of the hygiene conditions or practices, so that we can develop more precise intervention by considering the local or household context.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen Dai ◽  
Daniel E Mattox ◽  
Chris Bailey-Kellogg

Glycans are found across the tree of life with remarkable structural diversity enabling critical contributions to diverse biological processes, ranging from facilitating host-pathogen interactions to regulating mitosis & DNA damage repair. While functional motifs within glycan structures are largely responsible for mediating interactions, the contexts in which the motifs are presented can drastically impact these interactions and their downstream effects. Here, we demonstrate the first deep learning method to represent both local and global context in the study of glycan structure-function relationships. Our method, glyBERT, encodes glycans with a branched biochemical language and employs an attention-based deep language model to learn biologically relevant glycan representations focused on the most important components within their global structures. Applying glyBERT to a variety of prediction tasks confirms the value of capturing rich context-dependent patterns in this attention-based model: the same monosaccharides and glycan motifs are represented differently in different contexts and thereby enable improved predictive performance relative to the previous state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, glyBERT supports generative exploration of context-dependent glycan structure-function space, moving from one glycan to "nearby" glycans so as to maintain or alter predicted functional properties. In a case study application to altering glycan immunogenicity, this generative process reveals the learned contextual determinants of immunogenicity while yielding both known and novel, realistic glycan structures with altered predicted immunogenicity. In summary, modeling the context dependence of glycan motifs is critical for investigating overall glycan functionality and can enable further exploration of glycan structure-function space to inform new hypotheses and synthetic efforts.


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