scholarly journals Formation of legislation on pension insurance in France, Great Britain, and Russia. A retrospective

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Aleksandrova ◽  
Angelina V. Lapaeva ◽  
Anastasia A. Ryzhova ◽  
Elena A. Serebryakova
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Synthesis System ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Friendly Societies ◽  
The Uk

The relevance of the study is due to the crisis of modern pension insurance systems and the need to change the paradigm of pension legislation development. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in several countries (France, Great Britain, and Russia) at the initial stage of development (before 1914). The novelty is expressed both in the formulation of the problem and in the research methodology (the choice of countries and the period of research, the justification for the use of methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, system-structural, sociological, statistical, historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). The result of the study was the conclusions about the historical conditionality of the peculiarities of the formation of legislation on pension insurance in a particular country. There was early legalization of both voluntary and compulsory pension insurance in France. There was no legislation on pension insurance in the UK during the period under review, despite the early development of relevant institutions in the framework of workshops, guilds, and later in the framework of trade unions and “friendly societies”. In Russia, due to the agrarian nature of the economy, pension insurance did not develop within the framework of workshops and guilds; there were no laws on insurance in case of old age by 1914, while the risks of disability and loss of the breadwinner were regulated by law.

scholarly journals The Attitudes of Friendly Societies towards the Movement in Great Britain for State Pensions, 1878—1908

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Treble
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Social History ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Old Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Friendly Societies ◽  
The Individual

The last three decades of the nineteenth century were marked in British social history by a vigorous and far-reaching debate about the causes and incidence of poverty amongst the elderly. By the early 1890s this controversy had produced a sharp cleavage of opinion between those commentators who held that old-age pauperism was largely a product of character defects and those who attributed it to certain social and economic ills which the individual, acting alone, could never hope to remedy. Social thinkers who subscribed to this latter view – the loosely labelled collectivist school of thought – were not content, however, merely with the work of analysis; they were equally anxious to find a panacea for one of the main social problems of the day. In the end the solution they most widely canvassed was the introduction of an old age pensions scheme in which the state would have a vital rle to play. But perhaps of more significance for the development of social services in Great Britain, three of the leading advocates of state intervention endeavoured, in their own distinctive styles, to translate this general declaration of intent into detailed programmes of action.

scholarly journals MUSIC AND SOCIETY

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Seema Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage

The basic principle of nature is that Manushya determined the support of society for his natural needs, he had to create a society or go to the shelter of society to escape from his share of happiness and practical force and insecurity. In childhood, puberty, old age, or it should be said that at every stage of life, the need of society is natural to man. If the society is a mother, then the person is her child. Continuing on the path of progress from the initial stage of development, he started creating his own needs and this became the origin of the art of creation. प्रकृति का मूल सिद्वान्त है कि मनूष्य ने अपनी नैसेर्गिक आवष्यकताओं के लिये समाज के अवलम्ब को अवधारित किया उसे अपने सुखःदुख की हिस्सेदारी एवं व्यवहारिक बल व असुरक्षा से बचकर के लिये समाज की सृष्टि करनी पड़ी अथवा समाज की शरण में जाना पड़ा। बाल्यकाल, युवावस्था, वृद्वावस्था, अथवा यह कहा जाये कि जीवन के प्रत्येक चरण में मनुष्य को समाज की आवष्यकता नैसर्गिक होती है। समाज यदि जननी है तो व्यक्ति उसका बालक। विकास की प्रारंभिक अवस्था से निरन्तर प्रगति पथ पर बढ़ते हुऐ उसने अपनी आवष्यकताओं के रूप सृजन करना आरंभ किया और-यही सृजन कलाओं का उद्गम स्थल बना।

Working in Old Age in the UK

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lluberas ◽  
Jonathan Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Genre, gender and television screenwriting: The problem of pigeonholing

2021 ◽  
pp. 136754942110060
Author(s):  
Beth Johnson ◽  
Alison Peirse
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Career Progression ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Prime Time ◽  
Career Trajectory ◽  
Television Industry ◽  
Single Category ◽  
The Uk

This article draws on the 2018 Writers Guild of Great Britain report ‘Gender Inequality and Screenwriters’, and original interviews with female screenwriters, to assess how the experience of genre plays out in the UK television industry. The report focuses on the experience of women, as a single category, but we aim to reveal a more intersectional understanding of their experiences. Our aim is to better understand the ways in which women are, according to the report, consistently ‘pigeonholed by genre and are unable to move from continuing drama or children’s programming to prime-time drama, comedy or light-entertainment’. Considering the cultural value of genre in relation to screenwriting labour and career progression, we analyse how genre shapes career trajectory, arguing that social mobility for female screenwriters is inherently different and unequal to that of their male counterparts.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence to Improve the Business Efficiency and Effectiveness for Enterprises in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hamada ◽  
Daniya Temirkhanova ◽  
Diana Serikbay ◽  
Sanzhar Salybekov ◽  
Saltanat Omarbek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Business Efficiency ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Data Extracting ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The main objective of the research is identifying the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in the business sphere of Kazakhstan. The urgency of this problem is due to the fact that the Kazakhstani market for artificial intelligence is at the initial stage of development. The main obstacle to the introduction of artificial intelligence is the unpreparedness of managers of small and medium-sized businesses for the application of artificial intelligence technologies and, of course, the high cost of their implementation. In the study, we proceeded from the key thesis that business in Kazakhstan is striving for digital transformation. We set a goal to determine the attitude and degree of readiness of Kazakhstani business to the implementation and practical application of artificial intelligence, to describe the cases of using artificial intelligence by Kazakhstani business, to identify the main questions that arise in business at this stage, to study the legal aspects of using artificial intelligence in business and to present the big picture compliance / inconsistency of the existing legal framework with the goals and objectives of the development of artificial intelligence, provide recommendations for eliminatinge xisting barriers and stimulating businesses to implement the technology. Within the framework of this study, the concept of artificial intelligence is defined in its broadest sense - as a set of technologies for processing various types of data and information, in particular those capable of interpreting such data, extracting knowledge and using it to achieve certain goals.

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