scholarly journals El control del patrimonio eclesiástico: inspecciones y censura de cuentas en la Iglesia de Toledo = Inspections and auditing of accounts in the church of Toledo: Management of the ecclesial heritage

Author(s):  
Susana Villaluenga de Gracia

<p>Este trabajo pretende aportar evidencia empírica sobre la existencia de un importante aparato de supervisión y control físico y contable en la Iglesia, cuyo objeto era garantizar la conservación del patrimonio eclesiástico y la correcta gestión de sus rentas, evitando dispendios, asegurando su empleo y exigiendo responsabilidades al respecto. Esta exigencia surge, a su vez, de lo acordado en los concilios, cuyos cánones, una vez publicados, tomaban forma en los sínodos diocesanos para acomodarlos a necesidades concretas, integrándose después en la normativa interna de las corporaciones religiosas.Habida cuenta de esta última documentación referida a la Iglesia de Toledo, estudiaremos la figura de los visitadores y contadores, nombrados para supervisar y controlar el correcto funcionamiento de la institución, salvando así la responsabilidad del Cabildo en la administración temporal y espiritual de los bienes eclesiásticos. Al mismo tiempo, haremos hincapié en los instrumentos de control: el inventario y el método de cargo y data o descargo. Finalmente, nos centraremos en la actuación de los contadores, encargados de tomar la cuenta a los responsables de los diferentes centros donde se manejaba particularmente el dinero en efectivo de cada lote de rentas vinculado a un fin concreto.</p><p>This paper provides empirical evidence on the existence of an important monitoring device and physical control and accounting in the Church, aimed at ensuring the conservation of ecclesiastical heritage and the proper management of their revenues, avoiding extravagance, ensuring an appropriate use of these revenues, and demanding responsibilities to those held accountable in that regard. This requirement arises, in turn, from measures agreed by the Councils, whose canons, once published, were collected in diocesan synods and in the internal normative to meet the specific needs of the different religious organisations.Given this latest documentation relating to the Church of Toledo, we will study the figure of the visitors and auditors, appointed to monitor and control the correct functioning of the institution. This ensured the responsibility of the Chapter in the administration of church property. At the same time, we will look closely into the instruments of control used: the inventory and the charge and discharge method. Finally, we will focus on the performance of auditors, who were responsible for taking account to those responsible for the different centers that handled the cash income of each lot of revenues tied to a particular purpose.</p>

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Cédric Jourde ◽  
Marie Brossier ◽  
Muriel Gomez-Perez

ABSTRACTThis article analyses how the state in Senegal has managed the hajj since the liberalisation era in the early 2000s. Although the essence of the hajj is religious, it is also deeply political and requires that the state manages complex relations with pilgrims, religious leaders, private travel agencies, politicians and Saudi authorities. This article argues that three inter-related imperatives structure the conduct of the Senegalese state: a security imperative, a legitimation imperative, and a clientelistic imperative. Security concerns lead the state to monitor and control pilgrims travelling to Mecca. Legitimation is seen in the collaborative relations with Sûfi orders and in the framing of the hajj organisation as a ‘public service’. Finally, given the magnitude of financial and symbolic resources attached to the hajj, clientelistic relations are constitutive of state officials’ actions. Overall, despite the post-2000 liberalisation of the hajj, the state has maintained its role as a gatekeeper, regulator and supervisor.


2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (07) ◽  
pp. 1211-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
HYUN SANG CHO ◽  
TAKEKAZU KATO ◽  
TATSUYA YAMAZAKI ◽  
MINSOO HAHN

The home network is one of the emerging areas from the last century. However, the growth of the home network market is stationary at present. This paper describes the limitations of the home network system and the requirements for overcoming the current limitations. Also described is a new home network service system known as COWS and its easy installation and scalable operation. COWS consists of power consumption monitor and control devices along with a service server that is a complementary combination of Open Service Gateway initiative (OSGi) and web services. A home network system has a dynamic, heterogeneous, distributed, and scalable topology. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has been proposed as a solution that satisfies the requirement of a home network, and OSGi and web services are two successful SOA-based frameworks. An included service server has a flexible architecture that consists of a core and extendable service packages. A power consumption monitor and control function provides useful context information for activity-based context-aware services and optimizes the power consumption. The system can be installed easily into existing and new houses to solve the current barrier of the popularization of home network services.


2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 3219-3222
Author(s):  
Shan Shan Li ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Xu Han ◽  
Jin Feng Liu ◽  
Xiao Gang Zhou

The supercavitation weapon is a new concept weapon moving at a high speed underwater, which is devised applying the characteristic of supercavitation reducing the resistance of water, and it may be widely used in the future. The present ventilating system has many shortcomings, such as less automation and numerous data cannot be measured and recorded timely. In this paper, the automatic monitor and control ventilating system of supercavitation water-tunnel was developed using configuration software and PLC. All parameters can be measured, recorded and displayed automatically via using of the system. It has many advantages such as higher automation, convenience, and easy maintenance.


Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Vikrant Singh ◽  
Saurabh Kumar ◽  
Shiva Pujan Jaiswal ◽  
Vikas Singh Bhadoria

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Kingsley Karunaratne Alawattegama

The objective of this empirical study is to explore the effect of the adoption of ERM on the performance of the diversified industry of Sri Lanka. The extent of the adoption of ERM is assessed based on eight ERM functions recognized by the ERM integrated framework of the committee of sponsoring organization of the Treadway Commission and use return on equity as a proxy to measure firm performance. This study finds ERM supportive internal environment, risk-aligned objective setting, event identifications, and risk response have a positive impact on firm performance. However, none of those impacts were statistically significant. Surprisingly, empirical evidence reveals that risk assessment and control activities have a negative impact on the firm performance. Information & communication and monitoring functions indicate a significant impact on firm performance. Nevertheless, monitoring function shows a negative impact on the firm performance. The researcher believes this negative impact is attributable to the increased cost of monitoring activities that is crucial for a diversified business setup. This empirical evidence induces the researcher to conclude that, except for communication and monitoring, the adoption of ERM has no significant impact on the firm performance. These findings are contradictory with the findings of prior researchers.


2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstie L. Bellman

SummuryIncreasingly diverse and complex computer-based support underlies critical human processes, such as education, commerce, medicine, science, defense, and government. These systems are fed massive amounts of data and due to the complexity and size of these systems, they are integrating and interfacing with each other with less human oversight. Soon, they will need to build, refine, and elaborate their own models and processes, making more decisions about what information to use in what manner and how to approach problems or goals. Hence, these systems must be able to reason about and report out to us their modeling and processing choices in order to help us monitor and control their operations and interactions. In this paper, we discuss our work on creating reflective systems, and how reflection coupled with “generative processes” and “cognitive instrumentation” will help enable organic computing systems. We then briefly describe our testbed for studying self-conscious modeling.


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