scholarly journals A randomized, controlled study to compare the effects of intravenous labetalol and esmolol on haemodynamic changes during laryngoscopy and intubation

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 4003
Author(s):  
Atit Kumar ◽  
Prashant Kumar Mishra ◽  
Saurabh Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Study ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Cardiovascular Stress ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haemodynamic Changes ◽  
Β Blocker ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation frequently induce cardiovascular stress response characterised by hypertension and tachycardia due to reflex sympathetic stimulation. Considering the clinical significance of these changes stress attenuation is needed to blunt these responses. β- blockers are used to reduce the unwanted hemodynamic responses. Esmolol is ultra-short acting cardio selective β blocker. Labetalol is useful in not only attenuating the response to laryngoscopy and intubation but also in preventing perioperative cardiovascular events. Present study compared the efficacy of esmolol and labetalol for attenuation of sympathomimetic response to laryngoscopy and intubation.Methods: It was a prospective, randomized, controlled study carried out in 75 adult patients with ASA 1 and ASA 2 posted for elective surgeries. Patients were allocated randomly into Group-1 (esmolol) and Group-2 (labetalol) and Group-3 (placebo) of 25 patients each. Inj. esmolol (1mg/kg) or Inj. labetalol (0.4 mg/kg) or placebo (0.9NS) dissolved up to 5 ml in distilled water was injected intravenously 5 minutes prior to intubation. All patients premeditated with Inj. glycopyrrolate (4µg/kg). Patient were then induced with Inj. propofol (2mg/kg), Inj. scoline (2mg/kg) given followed by laryngoscopy and intubation. Haemodynamic readings were noted at T0 (baseline before injecting the drug), T1 (1 minute after injecting the drug), T2 (after intubation), T3 (2 minutes after intubation), T4 (4 minutes after intubation), T5 (6 minutes after intubation), T6 (8 minutes after injection), T7 (10 minutes after injection).Results: Gr-1, Gr-2 and Gr-3, when compared with each other for systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean BP, and HR, showed a statistically significant difference at different intervals.Conclusions: Both the drugs are found to be effective in attenuation of hemodynamic reflex without any side effects. Further studies are recommended to substantiate the findings in present study.

scholarly journals Randomized controlled study of proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) with or without trabeculotomy in early osteoarthritis (OA) knee

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Syed Tariq Mahmood ◽  
Shubham Jain ◽  
Mrudul Shah ◽  
Harish Rao ◽  
Ravi Mehrotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Randomized Controlled Study ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Early Osteoarthritis ◽  
Fibular Osteotomy ◽  
Osteoarthritis Of Knee ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the clinical and functional outcome of OA knee patients treated with proximal fibular osteotomy with or without trabeculotomy.This was a randomized controlled study amongst patients of osteoarthritis knee for a period of 1 year on patients with early osteoarthritis of knee. All patients were randomly allocated into two groups; group 1 patients were managed using PFO with trabeculotomy whereas group 2 patients were managed with proximal fibular osteotomy alone. All the patients were followed up post operatively at 15 days and at 2, 6 and 12 months post operatively. At each follow up patients were assessed for presence of Pain using Visual analogue scale. Also functional outcome was assessed using WOMAC.In present study, patients of two groups were comparable in their base line characters (p>0.05). Post operatively, mean VAS score and WOMAC score improved significantly in both the groups, the improvement was significantly higher in group 1 as compared to group 2 at all the follow up (p<0.05).Proximal fibular osteotomy with or without trabeculotomy can be used effectively as a promising tool for management of cases with early osteoarthritis of knee. It is safe, effective, and cost effective surgical technique for pain relief and improving functional outcome. PFO with trabeculotomy yields better results in terms of clinical as well as functional outcome as compared to PFO without trabeculotomy.

scholarly journals Comparison of Four Different Pain Relief Methods during Hysterosalpingography: A Randomized Controlled Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Serdar Unlu ◽  
Mehmet Yilmazer ◽  
Gulengul Koken ◽  
Dagistan Tolga Arioz ◽  
Ebru Unlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

BACKGROUND: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is the most commonly used method for evaluating the anatomy and patency of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes, and is an important tool in the evaluation of infertility. The most frequent side effect is the pain associated with the procedure.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate four analgesic methods to determine the most useful method for reducing discomfort associated with HSG.METHODS: In the present prospective study, 75 patients undergoing HSG for evaluation of infertility were randomly assigned to four groups: 550 mg of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (group 1); 550 mg NSAID + paracervical block (group 2); 550 mg NSAID + paracervical analgesic cream (group 3); or 550 mg NSAID + intrauterine analgesic instillation (group 4). A visual analogue scale was used to assess the pain perception at five predefined steps.RESULTS: Instillation of the liquids used for HSG was found to be the most painful step of HSG, and this step was where the only significant difference among groups was observed. When comparing visual analogue scale scores, group 2 and group 3 reported significantly less pain than the other groups. Group 1 reported significantly higher mean ( ± SD) scores (7.2 ± 1.6) compared with groups 2 and 3 (4.7 ± 2.5 and 3.8 ± 2.4, respectively) (P<0.001). In addition, group 2 reported significantly less pain than group 4 (4.7 ± 2.5 versus 6.7 ± 1.8, respectively) (P<0.02).CONCLUSIONS: For effective pain relief during HSG, in addition to 550 mg NSAID, local application of lidocaine cream to the posterior fornix of the cervix uteri and paracervical lidocaine injection into the cervix uteri appear to be the most effective methods.

scholarly journals Simethicone administration improves efficacy and efficiency of esophagogastroduodenoscopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotian Sun ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Xueting Zhang ◽  
Cuiyun Ma ◽  
Aitong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Examination Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Solution Intake ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is very useful in diagnosing and treating upper gastrointestinal mucosal disorders, but too much foam and water in stomach decrease its diagnostic efficiency. Simethicone administration can help remove excessive foam. Aims: To determine the optimal simethicone administration strategies in a comparative randomized controlled clinical trial.Methods: Adult outpatients with indications for esophagogastroduodenoscopy were enrolled and randomly divided into Group 1 (simethicone solution intake 20-30 min before procedure, n=110), Group 2 (simethicone solution intake 31-60 min before procedure, n=92) and Group 3 (simethicone solution intake >60 min before procedure). Primary and secondary outcome were procedure time and the patients' satisfaction after the examination. All symptoms like abdominal pain, distension were recorded.Results: No statistically significant differences were found on the patients’ demographic and clinical features, and mean examination time (all P values >0.05). The distribution of patients with different endoscopic and pathological diagnosis was comparable among three groups, respectively (P=0.607; P=0.289). However, the proportion of patients with Gastric Cleanness Grade A was most in Group 2 (n=73, 79.3%), and patient proportion with Gastric Cleanness Grade C was most found in Group 1 (n=72, 65.5%), which was greatly different (P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference on the satisfaction scores [immediately 6 (3-8) vs. 6 (1-10) vs. 6 (1-9), P=0.533; 2h after 10 (8-10) vs. 10 (10-10) vs. 10 (8-10), P=0.463].Conclusion: Simethicone solution intake 31-60 min before esophagogastroduodenoscopy can help obtain best gastric cleanness, which is recommended in clinical practice (registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03776916).

Comparison of Incidence of Neonatal Anemia in Different Timing of Delayed Cord Clamping; at 30 Seconds, 1 Minute and 2 Minutes in Term Vaginal Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1255-1261
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Delayed Cord Clamping ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Estimated Blood Loss ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To compare the effect of cord clamping time on the incidence of neonatal anemia, clinical outcomes, and maternal and neonatal complications in term vaginal delivered newborns. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled study was undertaken. Two hundred forty healthy full term vaginal delivered newborns were randomly allocated to either 30-seconds, 1-minute, or 2-minutes groups (group 1, 2, and 3) of umbilical cord clamping. During the interval between delivery and cord clamping, the attendant held the neonate supine at the level of the introitus. Neonatal venous hematocrit (Hct) was measured at 48 to 72 hours after birth. Results: Two hundred thirty newborns completed the present study. Neonatal anemia (Hct less than 45%) was detected in six of 77 cases (7.8%) in group 1, five of 76 cases (6.6%) in group 2, and three of 77 case (3.9%) in group 3, and there were no significant differences among the groups. Mean venous hematocrit values at 48 to 72 hours of life ± standard deviations were 53.1±6.4% in group 1, 53.0±5.5% in group 2, and 53.0±5.7% in group 3. The incidence of polycythemia (hematocrit more than 65%) and neonatal jaundice were similar among all the groups. There were no significant differences in the estimated postpartum blood loss and other neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: Neonatal hematocrit was not significantly different following delayed cord clamping (DCC) at 30-seconds, 1-minute, and 2-minutes, but the incidence of neonatal anemia decreased with the longer timing of DCC. The estimated blood loss and other complications were not different between the groups. Therefore, a minimum of a one minute DCC should be considered for neonatal anemic prevention when compared with the 30-seconds DCC. Keywords: Delayed cord clamping, Timing, Hematocrit, Neonatal anemia

scholarly journals Analgesia following Arthroscopic Knee Surgery. A Controlled Study of Intra-articular Morphine, Bupivacaine or Both Combined

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. McSwiney ◽  
G. P. Joshi ◽  
P. Kenny ◽  
S. M. McCarroll
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Arthroscopic Surgery ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

In a double-blind, randomised controlled trial, we studied 40 patients who received one of four intra-articular injections at the end of arthroscopic surgery. Each group contained ten patients. The patients in Group 1 received normal saline 25 ml; those in Group 2 received bupivacaine 0.25% 25 ml; those in Group 3 received morphine 5 mg in normal saline 25 ml; and those in Group 4 received a combination of bupivacaine 0.5% 12.5 ml and 5 mg of morphine made up to 25 ml with normal saline to produce the same bupivacaine concentration as Group 2. At the time the patient awoke, and 30min, Ihr, Ihr 30min, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, 12hr, and 24hr postoperatively, pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale. The need for supplementary analgesic agents in the first 24 hours was recorded. All pain scores were significantly lower (P< 0.05) in Groups 2, 3 and 4 compared with the control group with the exception of Group 2 at 24 hours. Pain scores were significantly lower (P<0.05) for Group 2 compared with Group 3 for the first 90 minutes postoperatively. At 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively the pain scores were significantly lower (P<0.05%) for Group 3 compared with Group 2. Group 4 had the lowest pain scores over the recorded period compared with the other groups. The need for supplemental analgesia was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the treatment Groups 2, 3 and 4 compared to the control Group 1. There was no significant difference in supplemental analgesic requirements between Groups 2, 3 and 4. A combination of bupivacaine and morphine injected intra-articularly following arthroscopy provided superior analgesia compared with that achieved by either drug alone.

scholarly journals Comparison of intraincisional vs intraperitoneal bupivacaine for the control of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Umar Qadir Bacha ◽  
Majid Mushtaque ◽  
Sifna Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Port Site ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

 Background: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of infiltration of local anaesthetic bupivacaine at incision site (port site) and intraperitoneally on postoper­ative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods: This was a randomized controlled study carried out on patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were divided into three groups of 60 patients each. Group 1 was the control group which did not receive either intraincisional or intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Group 2 received intraincisional bupivacaine 0.25% 20 ml, while group 3 received 20 ml solution of bupivacaine 0.25% 20 ml intraperitoneally. Postoperative pain was recorded for 24 hours post-operatively.Results: The incidence of abdominal pain was significantly lower in the group which received intraincisional bupivacaine upto 12 hours postoperatively. Right shoulder pain was low in group receiving intraperitoneal bupivacaine as compared to group 2, but it was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Intraincisional (port site) infiltration of bupivacaine is more effective than intraperitoneal infiltration for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It is easier to apply and there is less requirement of postoperative analgesics.

In-vivo evaluation of the effect of cyanoacrylate on prosthetic vascular graft infection – does cyanoacrylate increase the severity of infection?

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-284
Author(s):  
Atıf Yolgosteren ◽  
Gencehan Kumtepe ◽  
Melda Payaslioglu ◽  
Cuneyt Ozakin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Graft ◽  
Graft Infection ◽  
Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 1

Summary. Background: Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) is a complication with high mortality. Cyanoacrylate (CA) is an adhesive which has been used in a number of surgical procedures. In this in-vivo study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PVGI and CA. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups. Pouch was formed on back of rats until deep fascia. In group 1, vascular graft with polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was placed into pouch. In group 2, MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected into pouch. In group 3, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece was placed into pouch and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. In group 4, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece impregnated with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive was placed and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. All rats were scarified in 96th hour, culture samples were taken where intervention was performed and were evaluated microbiologically. Bacteria reproducing in each group were numerically evaluated based on colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) and compared by taking their average. Results: MRSA reproduction of 0 CFU/ml in group 1, of 1410 CFU/ml in group 2, of 180 200 CFU/ml in group 3 and of 625 300 CFU/ml in group 4 was present. A statistically significant difference was present between group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 2 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 3 and group 4 (p < 0.05). In terms of reproduction, no statistically significant difference was found in group 1, group 2, group 3 in themselves. Conclusions: We observed that the rate of infection increased in the cyanoacyrylate group where cyanoacrylate was used. We think that surgeon should be more careful in using CA in vascular surgery.

scholarly journals Isometric Handgrip Exercise Training Improves Spirometric Parameters and Pulmonary Capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-338
Author(s):  
Ogbutor Udoji Godsday ◽  
Nwangwa Eze Kingsley ◽  
Nwogueze Bartholomew Chukwuebuka ◽  
Chukwuemeka Ephraim ◽  
Ezunu Emmanuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Decline in normal physiological pulmonary function has been attributed to premorbid conditions such as prehypertension. Research evidence suggests that physical activity reduces age-related decline in pulmonary function and improves the efficiency of the lungs in prehypertensive patients. However, there is a scarcity of data evidence relating to isometric exercise and pulmonary function. Furthermore, the interrelationship between the intensity and duration of isometric exercise and pulmonary function in these patients is still uncertain. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on pulmonary function capacity in adults with prehypertension. To determine the effectiveness of isometric handgrip exercise on pulmonary function capacity in adults with prehypertension. A quasi experiment using a pre- and post-exercise method was carried out in two out-patients hospital settings. The sample comprised 192 sedentary pre-hypertensive subjects, aged between 30–50 years, that were randomly distributed into three groups of 64 participants each. The subjects performed, for 24 consecutive days, an isometric handgrip exercise at 30% Maximum Voluntary Contraction (M.V.C.). At the end of the 24 days, group one (GP1) discontinued, while group two (GP2) continued the exercise protocol for another 24 consecutive days and group three (GP3) continued with the exercise protocol for another 24 consecutive days but at 50% M.V.C. Determinants of lung function (outcomes) were Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC Ratio and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). The study shows that there was no statistically significant difference in the pre- and post-exercise outcomes for FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC Ratio and PEFR after 24 days for group 1. In group 2, there was a statistically significant difference in the FVC [(mean = 0.12 ± 0.12), (p = 0.002)], FEV1 [(mean = 0.15 ± 0.17), (p = 0.003)] and PEF [(mean = 0.85 ± 0.35), (p = 0.001)] after 48 days. In group 3, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) in all the outcomes assessed after 48 days. There was a between groups difference in favour of group 2 compared with group 1 for outcomes of FEV1 [(mean = 0.142 ± 0.68), (p = 0.005)] and PEF [(mean = 0.83 ± 0.19), (p = 0.0031)]. There was statistically significant difference in favour of group 3 compared to group 2, by increasing the exercise intensity from 30% to 50% M.V.C., for outcomes of FVC [mean change = 0.10 ± 0.052), (p = 0.005)], FEV1/FVC [mean change = 3.18 ± 0.75), (p = 0.017)] and PEF [(mean change = 0.86 ± 0.35), (p = 0.001)] after 48 days. Isometric handgrip exercise (after 48 days at 30% to 50% M.V.C.) improves outcomes of pulmonary function capacity in adults with prehypertension. Meanwhile, duration and/or increase in intensity of the isometric effort significantly contributed to the affects attained.

scholarly journals Effects of posterior tibial slope on the mid-term results of medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Arthroplasty ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijie Chen ◽  
Kaizhe Chen ◽  
Yufei Yan ◽  
Jianmin Feng ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Tibial Slope ◽  
Posterior Tibial ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Postoperative Knee ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of medial posterior tibial slope (PTS) on mid-term postoperative range of motion (ROM) and functional improvement of the knee after medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Methods Medical records of 113 patients who had undergone 124 medial UKAs between April 2009 through April 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. The mean follow-up lasted 7.6 years (range, 6.2–11.2 years). Collected were demographic data, including gender, age, height, weight of the patients. Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral knee radiographs of the operated knees were available in all patients. The knee function was evaluated during office follow-up or hospital stay. Meanwhile, postoperative PTS, ROM, maximal knee flexion and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score (pre−/postoperative) of the operated side were measured and assessed. According to the size of the PTS, patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (<4°), group 2 (4° ~ 7°) and group 3 (>7°). The association between PTS and the knee function was investigated. Results In our cohort, the average PTS was 2.7° ± 0.6° in group 1, 5.6° ± 0.9° in group 2 and 8.7° ± 1.2° in group 3. Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences among them (p < 0.01). The average maximal flexion range of postoperative knees in each group was 112.4° ± 5.6°, 116.4° ± 7.2°, and 117.5° ± 6.1°, respectively, with significant difference found between group 1 and group 2 (p < 0.05), and between group 1 and group 3 (p < 0.05). However, the gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) did not differ between three groups and there was no significant difference between groups in terms of pre−/postoperative HSS scores or postoperative knee ROM. Conclusion A mid-term follow-up showed that an appropriate PTS (4° ~ 7°) can help improve the postoperative flexion of knee. On the other hand, too small a PTS could lead to limited postoperative knee flexion. Therefore, the PTS less than 4° should be avoided during medial UKA.

The Relationship between Serum Ferritin Levels and 5-Year All-Cause Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Emre Erdem ◽  
Ahmet Karatas ◽  
Tevfik Ecder
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The effect of high serum ferritin levels on long-term mortality in hemodialysis patients is unknown. The relationship between serum ferritin levels and 5-year all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients was investigated in this study. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 173 prevalent hemodialysis patients were included in this study. The patients were followed for up to 5 years and divided into 3 groups according to time-averaged serum ferritin levels (group 1: serum ferritin &#x3c;800 ng/mL, group 2: serum ferritin 800–1,500 ng/mL, and group 3: serum ferritin &#x3e;1,500 ng/mL). Along with the serum ferritin levels, other clinical and laboratory variables that may affect mortality were also included in the Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eighty-one (47%) patients died during the 5-year follow-up period. The median follow-up time was 38 (17.5–60) months. The 5-year survival rates of groups 1, 2, and 3 were 44, 64, and 27%, respectively. In group 3, the survival was lower than in groups 1 and 2 (log-rank test, <i>p</i> = 0.002). In group 1, the mortality was significantly lower than in group 3 (HR [95% CI]: 0.16 [0.05–0.49]; <i>p</i> = 0.001). In group 2, the mortality was also lower than in group 3 (HR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.12–0.88]; <i>p</i> = 0.026). No significant difference in mortality between groups 1 and 2 was found (HR [95% CI]: 0.49 [0.23–1.04]; <i>p</i> = 0.063). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Time-averaged serum ferritin levels &#x3e;1,500 ng/mL in hemodialysis patients are associated with an increased 5-year all-cause mortality risk.

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