Assessment of consumption patterns for essential medicines: a study of the Nyeri county referral hospital

Background: Nyeri is one of the pilot Universal Health Coverage roll-out counties aimed at guaranteeing healthcare service access to all households in the region by 2022. The aim of the study was to provide management insights into ways of optimizing pharmaceutical management to ensure essential medicine are consumed by majority of population in need by 2022.Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.Results: Amoxicillin had the highest (751,000) consumption over the study period. Other essential medicines with high consumption include paracetamol (432,000), metformin (280,264) and enalapril (111,800). The most cited reason for stock-outs was limited allocation of budget for medicines, a point that was mentioned by eight of the ten respondents.Conclusions: The study concludes that the stock-out frequency for essential medicines at the Nyeri County Referral Hospital is high. The frequent and persistent stock-out frequency for essential medicines is a problem considering the high consumption for essential medicines.

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COMMUNITY PHARMACY ROLE IN UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE IN MOMBASA COUNTY

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) ◽

10.36713/epra5722 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 331-341

Author(s):

Kailong J. M ◽

Aggrey A ◽

Mulinya S

Keyword(s):

Community Pharmacy ◽

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Close Contact ◽

Health Planning ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Community Pharmacies ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Controlled Drugs ◽

Universal Health

Community pharmacy role in universal health coverage was a qualitative study that entailed close contact to the role played by community pharmacies in healthcare provision. As a "small healthcare" in provision of pharmaceutical services, community pharmacies are required to be included in realization of Universal Health Coverage in Mombasa since it is among the Big 4 Agenda of the national government (MOH, 2013). The objective of the study was to determine community pharmacy role in universal health coverage. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data and the design estimate the prevalence of the outcome of interest commonly for the purpose of public health planning. A sample size of 196 was calculated using fishers formula. Data was collected using in-depth interviews and structured questionnaire were administered on a target population of community pharmacies health providers and clients seeking services respectively. The collected data was analysed using SPSS version 20 and interpreted using tables and pie charts. On community pharmacy practitioners respondents; 58% were male, 90.3% diploma holders in pharmacy, 39.8% registered with PPB and 65% had practised for less than two years. 78% of the respondents agree that community pharmacy has a role in UHC and there was 74% affordability of community pharmacy medicines. Bivariate analysis findings show that training and inspection on UHC (P=0.003) Covid 19 (p=0.000) and inspection fee (p=0.000). Accessibility; location of community pharmacies (p=0.000) and doctors attitudes (p=0.000). Essential medicines; acyclovir 200mg tablets (p=0.000), chlorpromazine 100mg tablets (p=0.000) and tetanus toxoid vaccine (p=0.000). Key determinants of community pharmacy role in UHC were diploma (AOR 666.7; CI 129.6-3429.5), Erythromycin 125mg suspension (AOR 120.3; CI 15.4-940.8), Acyclovir 200mg tablets (AOR 46.823; CI 17.7-124.1) and Occupation (AOR 45.271; CI 15.363-133.404. The study recommends reduction of tax on essential medicines, MOH revise the UHC policy to incorporate community pharmacies and empowerment on management of controlled drugs and vaccines in order to realize effective and efficient UHC in Kenya

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The Legal Determinants of Health: How Can We Achieve Universal Health Coverage and What Does it Mean?

International Journal of Health Policy and Management ◽

10.34172/ijhpm.2020.64 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lawrence O. Gostin

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Global Health ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Good Health ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Public Health Services ◽

The Right ◽

Universal Health

How can we keep people – wherever they live – healthy and safe? Among all global health initiatives, universal health coverage (UHC) has garnered most political attention. But can UHC (as important as it is) actually achieve the two fundamental aspirations of the right to health: keeping people healthy and safe, while leaving no one behind? There is a universal longing for health and security, but also a deep-seated belief in fairness and equity. Can UHC achieve both health and equity, or what I have called, "global health with justice?" What makes a population healthy and safe? Certainly, universal and affordable access to healthcare is essential, including clinical prevention, treatment, and essential medicines. But beyond medical care are public health services, including surveillance, clean air, potable water, sanitation, vector control, and tobacco control. The final and most important factor in good health are social determinants, including housing, employment, education, and equity. If we can provide everyone with these three essential conditions for good health (healthcare, public health and social determinants), it would vastly improve global health. But we also need to take measures to leave no one behind. To achieve equity, we need to plan for it, and here I propose national health equity programs of action. Society’s highest obligation is to achieve global health, with justice.

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Essential medicines for universal health coverage

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31599-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 389 (10067) ◽

pp. 403-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

Veronika J Wirtz ◽

Hans V Hogerzeil ◽

Andrew L Gray ◽

Maryam Bigdeli ◽

Cornelis P de Joncheere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Universal Health

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Essential medicines for universal health coverage – Authors' reply

The Lancet ◽

10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31209-6 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 389 (10082) ◽

pp. 1881-1882 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Veronika J Wirtz ◽

Hans V Hogerzeil ◽

Andrew L Gray

Keyword(s):

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Universal Health

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Conclusion

Achieving Access ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501709968.003.0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Joseph Harris

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Africa ◽

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Essential Medicine ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Political Dynamics ◽

A Minor ◽

Universal Health

This chapter summarizes the overall argument and points to the influential role that elites from esteemed professions played in the institutionalization of policy in the three cases. While in all cases democratization provided new opportunities for professional movements in medicine to use the organizational vehicle of the state to advance universal health coverage and the power of the law to deepen commitments to essential medicine, The chapters relate how the differences in outcomes between Thailand and Brazil, on one hand, and South Africa, on the other, hinged on dramatically different political dynamics. I consider the contemporary state of professional movements and health reforms in the three countries; why health has remained a minor concern to mass movements; the durability of professional movements; the influence of professional movements in other policy domains and cases; and their relevance to the United States and other countries in the industrializing world.

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NCDs and the WHO Essential Medicines Lists: children need universal health coverage too

The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health ◽

10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30294-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (11) ◽

pp. 756-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicola J Gray ◽

Jean-Pierre Chanoine ◽

Mychelle Y Farmer ◽

Jordan D Jarvis ◽

Kate Armstrong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Essential Medicines Lists ◽

Universal Health

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A review of prospective pathways and impacts of COVID-19 on the accessibility, safety, quality, and affordability of essential medicines and vaccines for universal health coverage in Africa

Globalization and Health ◽

10.1186/s12992-021-00666-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Floriano Amimo ◽

Ben Lambert ◽

Anthony Magit ◽

Masahiro Hashizume

Keyword(s):

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Regional Cooperation ◽

International System ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

International Technology Transfer ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Equitable Access ◽

African Countries ◽

Universal Health

Abstract Background The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has the potential to reverse progress towards global targets. This study examines the risks that the COVID-19 pandemic poses to equitable access to essential medicines and vaccines (EMV) for universal health coverage in Africa. Methods We searched medical databases and grey literature up to 2 October 2020 for studies reporting data on prospective pathways and innovative strategies relevant for the assessment and management of the emerging risks in accessibility, safety, quality, and affordability of EMV in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the resulting pool of evidence to support our analysis and to draw policy recommendations to mitigate the emerging risks and improve preparedness for future crises. Results Of the 310 records screened, 134 were included in the analysis. We found that the disruption of the international system affects more immediately the capability of low- and middle-income countries to acquire the basket of EMV. The COVID-19 pandemic may facilitate dishonesty and fraud, increasing the propensity of patients to take substandard and falsified drugs. Strategic regional cooperation in the form of joint tenders and contract awarding, joint price negotiation and supplier selection, as well as joint market research, monitoring, and evaluation could improve the supply, affordability, quality, and safety of EMV. Sustainable health financing along with international technology transfer and substantial investment in research and development are needed to minimize the vulnerability of African countries arising from their dependence on imported EMV. To ensure equitable access, community-based strategies such as mobile clinics as well as fees exemptions for vulnerable and under-served segments of society might need to be considered. Strategies such as task delegation and telephone triage could help reduce physician workload. This coupled with payments of risk allowance to frontline healthcare workers and health-literate healthcare organization might improve the appropriate use of EMV. Conclusions Innovative and sustainable strategies informed by comparative risk assessment are increasingly needed to ensure that local economic, social, demographic, and epidemiological risks and potentials are accounted for in the national COVID-19 responses.

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Availability of Key Essential Medicines in Public Health Facilities of South Indian Union Territory: One of the Crucial Components of Universal Health Coverage

Cureus ◽

10.7759/cureus.19419 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dinesh K Meena ◽

Mathaiyan Jayanthi ◽

Kesavan Ramasamy ◽

Mahalakshmi T

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Universal Health Coverage ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Public Health Facilities ◽

South Indian ◽

Universal Health ◽

Union Territory

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Essential medicines for palliative care

10.1093/med/9780198821328.003.0002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 13-18

Author(s):

Lukas Radbruch ◽

Liliana De Lima

Keyword(s):

Palliative Care ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Essential Medicine ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Loved One ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

The World Health Organization defines essential medicines as those which satisfy the primary healthcare needs of the population. In 2013, the World Health Organization introduced a new section on medicines for pain and palliative care in the 18th edition of the Model List of Essential Medicine including 15 medicines for the most common symptoms in life-limiting health conditions. More recently, the Lancet Commission on palliative care developed an essential package which also includes equipment and human resources in addition to the essential medicines. The Lancet Commission specified that in order to achieve universal health coverage, coverage of the essential package is recommended by dedicated, pro-poor, public or publicly mandated funding and for all relevant health conditions. However, in many regions of the world, all or some of the essential medicines are not available at all, or if they are available in the country, they are regularly out of stock in the local pharmacy, out-of-pocket costs are so high that patients cannot afford the medicines, or whole families become impoverished buying treatment for their loved one. Problems with accessibility, affordability, and availability are particularly evident with opioid analgesics such as morphine. However, accessibility, affordability, and availability of essential medicines is a pivotal prerequisite for the delivery of quality palliative care.

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