scholarly journals Impact of introduction of the anti-female genital mutilation law on the practice of female genital mutilation in Garissa County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 4707
Author(s):  
Yasmin H. Derowa ◽  
Eliphas Gitonga ◽  
George Otieno ◽  
Alison Yoos ◽  
Clayton S. Jisuvei
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
High Level ◽  
Female Genital

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM), is a social traditional practice performed by cutting parts of the external female genitalia. Garissa county in north eastern Kenya has the highest prevalence of FGM in Kenya at 94%.  This practise was illegalised in Kenya in 2011. The aim of the study was to assess the successes of anti-FGM programs in Garissa County.Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving 108 participants of both genders and different age groups. Questionnaires were used in data collection. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Chi square was used to compare characteristics between female participants who had undergone FGM and participants not circumcised.  Results: Of the 108 participants, 53.7% were females. The median age of participants was 23 years [Interquartile range (IQR])15-40]. The prevalence of FGM was 62% with the mean age at circumcision being 8.34 years (SD=2.69 years). Being of Muslim faith was associated with practice of FGM (p<0.001). There was high level of awareness of the anti-FGM law among youths at 84%. Two thirds of participants did not support FGM. Excision was the main type of FGM practiced. Among those circumcised, 14.7% were circumcised by trained nurses.Conclusions: Introduction of the anti-FGM law, and its advocacy by NGOs has led to a reduction in the practice of FGM in Garissa county. There is an increase in the medicalization of FGM in Garissa with evidence of the practice going underground. This study recommends NGOs to have a clearer focus on the method chosen for use in advocating for the abandonment of FGM.

scholarly journals Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone: Forms, Reliability of Reported Status, and Accuracy of Related Demographic and Health Survey Questions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owolabi Bjälkander ◽  
Donald S. Grant ◽  
Vanja Berggren ◽  
Heli Bathija ◽  
Lars Almroth
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Proxy Measurement ◽  
Female Genital

Objective.To determine forms of female genital mutilation (FGM), assess consistency between self-reported and observed FGM status, and assess the accuracy of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) FGM questions in Sierra Leone.Methods.This cross-sectional study, conducted between October 2010 and April 2012, enrolled 558 females aged 12–47 from eleven antenatal clinics in northeast Sierra Leone. Data on demography, FGM status, and self-reported anatomical descriptions were collected. Genital inspection confirmed the occurrence and extent of cutting.Results.All participants reported FGM status; 4 refused genital inspection. Using the WHO classification of FGM, 31.7% had type Ib; 64.1% type IIb; and 4.2% type IIc. There was a high level of agreement between reported and observed FGM prevalence (81.2% and 81.4%, resp.). There was no correlation between DHS FGM responses and anatomic extent of cutting, as 2.7% reported pricking; 87.1% flesh removal; and 1.1% that genitalia was sewn closed.Conclusion.Types I and II are the main forms of FGM, with labia majora alterations in almost 5% of cases. Self-reports on FGM status could serve as a proxy measurement for FGM prevalence but not for FGM type. The DHS FGM questions are inaccurate for determining cutting extent.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on pelvic floor symptoms in women living with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alzbeta Binkova ◽  
Marion Uebelhart ◽  
Patrick Dällenbach ◽  
Michel Boulvain ◽  
Angèle Gayet-Ageron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Pelvic Floor Symptoms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) concerns over 200 million women and girls worldwide and is associated with obstetric trauma and long-term urogynaecological and psychosexual complications that are often under-investigated and undertreated. The aim of this study was to assess the pelvic floor distress and the impact of pelvic floor and psychosexual symptoms among migrant women with different types of FGM/C. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2016 and January 2019 at the Division of Gynaecology of the Geneva University Hospitals. The participants were interviewed on socio-demographic and background information, underwent a systematic gynaecological examination to assess the presence and type of FGM/C and eventual Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP), and completed six validated questionnaires on pelvic floor and psychosexual symptoms (PFDI-20 and PFIQ7 on pelvic floor distress and impact, FISI and WCS on faecal incontinence and constipation, PISQ-IR and FGSIS on sexual function and genital self-image). The participants’ scores were compared with scores of uncut women available from the literature. The association between selected variables and higher scores for distress and impact of pelvic floor symptoms was assessed using univariate and multivariable linear regression models. Results 124 women with a mean age of 31.5 (± 7.5), mostly with a normal BMI, and with no significant POP were included. PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7 mean (± SD) scores were of 49.5 (± 52.0) and 40.7 (± 53.6) respectively. In comparison with the available literature, the participants’ scores were lower than those of uncut women with pelvic floor dysfunction but higher than those of uncut women without such disorders. Past violent events other than FGM/C and forced or arranged marriage, age at FGM/C of more than 10, a period of staying in Switzerland of less than 6 months, and nulliparity were significantly associated with higher scores for distress and impact of pelvic floor symptoms, independently of known risk factors such as age, weight, ongoing pregnancy and history of episiotomy. Conclusions Women with various types of FGM/C, without POP, can suffer from pelvic floor symptoms responsible for distress and impact on their daily life. Trial registration. The study protocol was approved by the Swiss Ethics Committee on research involving humans (protocol n°15-224).

THE EFFECTS OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION ON THE FEMALE SEXUAL FUNCTION: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. e466
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abbas ◽  
Mennatallah Mohamed Samir ◽  
Reham Maher Abdel-Gaber ◽  
Emad Eldien Kamal Ali
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Function ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Sexual Function ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors of Female Genital Mutilation among reproductive age women’s of Wolayita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
pp. 091-098
Author(s):  
Anjulo Bargude Balta ◽  
Lambebo Amanuel Fanta
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital

Background: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is estimated to have been practiced on at least 200 million girls and women in 30 countries around the world. Clitoridoctomy is the most common type of FGM in Ethiopia. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation and associated factors among women’s of Wolayita zone. Methods: A community-based quantitative cross-sectional study was used. Face-to-face interviews with prepared questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of FGM was determined using descriptive statistics. The researchers utilized a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model to find independent determinants of FGM. Result: 296 women were undergone FGM out of a total of 333, indicating that FGM is prevalent in the research area (88.9%). Age (AOR-1.86, 95% CI: 0.42-0.98) and support to reduce sexual due to hyperactivity (AOR: 14.595, 95% CI: 3.391-6.807) were all independently linked to FGM. Conclusion: An integrated effort administrative and surrounding community intervention to be initiated to alleviate FGM practices through empowering women, discouraging risky factors like traditions; and sensitizing parents, community members and the public focusing on the rejecting of FGM.

scholarly journals Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Mauri ◽  
Sara Cottler-Casanova ◽  
Matthias Cavassini ◽  
Marcel Stoeckle ◽  
Gilles Wandeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Previous Discussion ◽  
Health Complications ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract BackgroundFemale genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) is the practice of partial or total removal or injury of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It has been documented in at least 30 countries and, as a result of migration, in high-income countries too. FGM/C causes various negative health complications, and may increase the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Our study aims to generate descriptive statistics about FGM/C among HIV positive migrant women included in the Swiss HIV cohort study (SHCS).MethodsThe Swiss HIV Cohort study (www.SHCS.ch) is a national, prospective cohort study with ongoing community and hospital enrolment of HIV-positive individuals in Switzerland. Two questions on history of FGM/C and previous discussion about it with a healthcare professional were administered by treating infectious disease specialists during the 6-monthly routine visits occurring between June and December 2019. We included all women aged above 18 years, born in one of the 30 countries where FGM/C is prevalent, in care for an HIV-infection and recorded in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.ResultsOur findings show that FMG/C is common (21%) in the SHCS female population originating from Africa. Such data may be largely underestimated given the 33.6% of non-respondents. The vast majority (70%) of the women reporting to have been cut had never discussed FGM/C with a health professional before the study.Conclusions FMG/C is common in the SHCS female population originating from Africa, but often overlooked by health professionals working with this population. FGM/C screening, diagnosis, care and prevention could be improved significantly through training and information.Trial registration: Not Applicable

scholarly journals Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting and Child, Early or Forced Marriages in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Senegal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tammary Esho ◽  
Dennis J. Matanda ◽  
Timothy Abuya ◽  
Sintayehu Abebe ◽  
Yeshitila Hailu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Talk Shows ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Harmful Traditional Practices ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Female Genital

Abstract Background The effects of COVID-19 on harmful traditional practices such Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) and Child, Early or Forced Marriages (CEFM) have not been well documented. We examined how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected FGM/C and CEFM in Kenya, Uganda, Senegal, and Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design with a mixed methods approach was used. Household surveys targeting women and men aged 15–49 years in Kenya (n = 312), Uganda (n = 278), Ethiopia (n = 251), and Senegal (n = 208) were conducted. Thirty-eight in-depth interviews with programme implementers and policymakers were carried out in Kenya (n = 17), Uganda (n = 9), Ethiopia (n = 8), and Senegal (n = 4). Results In Kenya, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the increase in both FGM/C and CEFM cases. Minimal increase of FGM/C cases was reported in Uganda and a significant increase in CEFM cases. In Ethiopia, the COVID-19 pandemic had a limited effect on changes in FGM/C and CEFM. In Senegal, there were minimal effects of COVID-19 on the number of FGM/C and CEFM cases. The pandemic has negatively affected implementation of interventions by the justice and legal system, the health system, and civil societies. Conclusions The pandemic has had varied effects on FGM/C and CEFM across the four countries. Across the four countries, the pandemic has negatively affected implementation of interventions by the various sectors that are responsible for preventing and responding to FGM/C and CEFM. This calls for innovative approaches in intervening in the various communities to ensure that women and girls at risk of FGM/C and CEFM or in need of services are reached during the pandemic. Evidence on how effective alternative approaches such as the use of call centres, radio talk shows and the use of local champions as part of risk communication in preventing and responding to FGM/C and CEFM amid COVID-19 is urgently required.

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