scholarly journals Para o estudo das aves em Portugal (séculos XIII-XVI): conflitos e proteção, segundo o testemunho das fontes jurídicas e os livros de viagensPara el estudio de las aves en Portugal (siglos XIII-XVI): conflictos y protección, según el testigo de las fuentes jurídicas y los libros de viajesA contribution to the study of birds in Portugal (13th-16th Centuries): conflicts and protection, according to the testimony of the legal documents and travel books

2017 ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Da Silveira Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The People ◽  
Travel Books ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

Este texto tem o objetivo de estudar as aves em Portugal, na Idade Média (séculos XIIIXV) e nos primórdios do século XVI, a partir de documentação jurídica, régia e local (costumes e foros, posturas, atas de vereação...) e dos livros de viagens, as Saudades da Terra, de Gaspar Frutuoso, sobre os arquipélagos portugueses, Açores e Madeira. Pretende-se, por um lado, dar a conhecer as aves que faziam parte da paisagem portuguesa; os conflitos e os delitos resultantes das relações quotidianas entre as pessoas e estes animais. Na segunda parte, analisaremos as penas, os mecanismos de controlo e as medidas “proteção” para a preservação das aves.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Portugal, aves, séculos XIII-XVI, conflitos, proteção.RESUMENEste texto tiene el objetivo de estudiar las aves en Portugal, en la Edad Media (siglos XIII-XV) y a principios del siglo XVI, a partir de la documentación jurídica, regia y local (fueros extensos, ordenanzas, actas municipales...) y de los libros de viajes, las Saudades da Terra, de Gaspar Frutuoso, sobre los archipiélagos portugueses, Azores y Madeira. Se pretende, por un lado, dar a conocer las aves que formaban parte del paisaje portugués; los conflictos y los delitos resultantes de las relaciones cotidianas entre las personas y estos animales. En la segunda parte, analizaremos las penas, los mecanismos de control y las medidas de “protección” para la preservación de lasaves.PALABRAS CLAVE: Portugal, aves, siglos XIII-XVI, conflictos, protección.ABSTRACTThis text describes the study of birds in the Middle Ages (13th-15th centuries) and atthe beginning of the 16th Century in Portugal through both royal and local legal documents (customs and laws, municipal by-laws, minutes of the city councils, etc.) and Saudades da Terra, a series of travel books on the Azores and Madeira Islands by Gaspar Frutuoso. The study seeks to present the birds that were part of the Portuguese landscape as well as the conflicts and the crimes generated from daily relations between the people and these animals. In the second part, it will examine the punishment, control mechanisms and the “protection” measures for the bird’s preservation.KEY WORDS: Portugal, birds, 13th-16th centuries, conflicts, protection.

G. B. Gelli and the Rebellion Against Latin

1967 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 131-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armand L. De Gaetano
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Liberal Education ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Full Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Late Renaissance ◽  
Epic Poems ◽  
The Middle Ages

Modern European languages reached full development in their spoken and written forms during the middle ages, but it took centuries before the languages of the people became the languages of ‘the books'— those books which are indispensable to serious learning and intellectual progress. Today an intelligent person who can read and write can get a liberal education either in schools or on his own. Yet during the late Renaissance, in Italy and elsewhere, a thorough knowledge of one's mother tongue was hardly enough for one to become literate. There were love lyrics, epic poems, legends, fables, but aside from some legal documents and a few compilations, very little recorded knowledge was available in the vernacular.

scholarly journals THE VISION OF THE CHILDHOOD IN THE CODES OF THE URBAN LAW IN THE RZECZPOSPOLITA IN XVI - EARLY XVII CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
Tetiana Hoshko
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

As the people of the Middle Ages thought in symbolic categories, this symbolism was imposed on the notion of human life. In Europe, it had a distinct Christian colouration and was associated with the symbolism of numbers. This was reflected as well in the idea of the stages of human life, the number of which ranged from three to seven. Childhood, which was the first in this scheme, lasted from birth to adolescence, that is until reaching puberty. For the medieval people who thought concretely, just tangible things were important. It is not surprising, therefore, that the notion of attaining adulthood was not so much based on the formal number of years as on the real external physiological features. However, over time, such a ‘visual’ determination of the age of the personrecedes into the background.Childhood has been linked to a guardianship that has received much attention in the city law codes of the early modern period. Anyone who could not manage their lives and property could count on it.In the Middle Ages, childhood had no place, and until the 12th century, children were hardly depicted. The appearance of the post-mortem images of children in the 16th century was evidence of a change in the emotional attitude to them. This change was reflected in the city law codes of the late 16th century. They protected the right of a child to life and property, even of the unborn or born but not survived child. The born and baptized child was already a complete person with soul and likeness of God.The German town law protected children from too severe punishment, first of all from execution. It was believed that before reaching a certain age the children were unconscious creatures, so they could not deliberately commit crimes. And punishment to death was unacceptable for unconscious wrongdoing. The city law codes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of 16th and early 17th centuries reflected the evolution of ideas about childhood from the late Middle Ages to the early modern era. Although they refer to the legal norms of previous epochs, they contain many provisions which appeared under the influence of Humanism and the Reformation. As a result of deeper Christianization of morality at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern era, a new attitude to childhood appears, as to a special and important stage in human life. Therefore, as of the 16th century, there were special articles about children in legal codes. The city law begins to protect the interests of children by considering various aspects, in particular, the rights of the unborn but conceived child, of the children of ‘righteous bed’, orphans, etc., the children’s property interests, their lives and future.

scholarly journals A palace for astronomy in Buenos Aires

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S260) ◽  
pp. 346-353
Author(s):  
Alejandro Gangui
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Dante Alighieri ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Western History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractIn no other epoch of Western history like in the Middle Ages, cosmology was so key an element of culture and, one way or another, the motion of the heavens ended up impregnating the literature of that time. Among the most noteworthy poets we find Dante Alighieri, who became famous for his Commedia, a monumental poem written roughly between 1307 and his death in 1321, and which the critics from 16th century onwards dubbed Divina. In this and other works, Dante pictures the cosmic image for the world, summing up the current trends of Neoplatonic and Islamic traditions. The Barolo Palace in the city of Buenos Aires is a singular combination of both astronomy and the worldview displayed in Dante's poetic masterpiece. Some links of the Palace's main architectural structure with the three realms of the Comedy have been studied in the past. In this note we consider its unique astronomical flavor, an issue which has not been sufficiently emphasized yet.

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

scholarly journals The zooarchaeological identification of a ‘Morisco’ community after the Christian conquest of Granada (Spain, early 16th century): sociocultural continuities and economic innovations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos García-García ◽  
Guillermo García-Contreras ◽  
Michelle M. Alexander ◽  
Rowena Y. Banerjea ◽  
Aleks Pluskowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractThis article presents the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of an assemblage dating to the second quarter of the 16th century that was discovered on the current university campus of Cartuja, on the outskirts of Granada (Andalusia, Spain). During the Middle Ages, this area was largely used for agricultural purposes, including as estates owned by high officials of the Nasrid dynasty, the last Islamicate polity in the Iberian Peninsula. The Castilian conquest of Granada in 1492 brought significant changes to the area, with the construction of a Carthusian monastery and the transformation of the surrounding landscape, including changes in property structures, different agrarian regimes and the demolition of pre-existing structures. Among these transformations was the filling up of a well with construction materials, and its further use as a rubbish dump. This fill yielded an interesting and unique zooarchaeological assemblage, the study of which is presented here. The results advance our understanding of changing patterns in animal consumption during the formative transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period at the heart of the former Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, and indicate the continuity of some Andalusi consumption patterns along with specialised production and distribution systems of meat products that have no archaeological precedent in the region, suggesting that the bones were dumped by a possible ‘Morisco’ community (autochthonous Muslims forced to convert to Christianity in 1502).

scholarly journals NATIONALHISTORIE EFTER MODERNISMEN - FOLKEBEGREBET I LYSET AF EUROPAS STORE FORTÆLLINGER

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (117) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Michael Böss
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Main Role ◽  
National History ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Middle Ages

WRITING NATIONAL HISTORY AFTER MODERNISM: THE HISTORY OF PEOPLEHOOD IN LIGHT OF EUROPEAN GRAND NARRATIVES | The purpose of the article is to refute the recent claim that Danish history cannot be written on the assumption of the existence of a Danish people prior to 19th-century nationalism. The article argues that, over the past twenty years, scholars in pre-modern European history have highlighted the limitations of the modernist paradigm in the study of nationalism and the history of nations. For example, modernists have difficulties explaining why a Medieval chronicle such as Saxo Grammaticus’s Gesta Danorum was translated in the mid-1600s, and why it could be used for new purposes in the 1800s, if there had not been a continuity in notions of peoplehood between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. Of course, the claim of continuity should not be seen as an argument for an identity between the “Danes” of Saxo’s time and the Danes of the 19th-century Danish nation-state. Rather, the modern Danishness should be understood as the product of a historical process, in which a number of European cultural narratives and state building played a significant role. The four most important narratives of the Middle Ages were derived from the Bible, which was a rich treasure of images and stories of ‘people’, ‘tribe’, ‘God’, King, ‘justice’ and ‘kingdom’ (state). While keeping the basic structures, the meanings of these narratives were re-interpreted and placed in new hierarchical positions in the course of time under the impact of the Reformation, 16th-century English Puritanism, Enlightenment patriotism, the French Revolution and 19th-century romantic nationalism. The article concludes that it is still possible to write national histories featuring ‘the people’ as one of the actors. But the historian should keep in mind that ‘the people’ did not always play the main role, nor did they play the same role as in previous periods. And even though there is a need to form syntheses when writing national history, national identities have always developed within a context of competing and hierarchical narratives. In Denmark, the ‘patriotist narrative’ seems to be in ascendancy in the social and cultural elites, but has only partly replaced the ‘ethno-national’ narrative which is widespread in other parts of the population. The ‘compact narrative’ has so far survived due the continued love of the people for their monarch. It may even prove to provide social glue for a sense of peoplehood uniting ‘old’ and ‘new’ Danes.

The General History of the Middle Ages at the V. Babeş University of Cluj (1951-1952)

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Ionuț Costea
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The People ◽  
Socialist Realist ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Middle Ages

"The General History of the Middle Ages at the V. Babeş University of Cluj (1951-1952). The 1948 education reform represented, besides a new institutional architecture transposed in accordance with the model of the soviet universities, a process of recycling professors. The process of changing the teaching staff was carried out on at least two levels – the definitive or temporary elimination (sometimes accompanied by incarceration) from the education system on the one hand, and the exertion of severe surveillance and intimidation, thus remodelling the discourse and the behaviour in the spirit of the socialist realist “cultural revolution” on the other hand. The study shed light on a method that led to the expulsion of the professors was the public defamation, the accusation of immorality and of their lack of understanding of the new political transformations of the country, thus labelling the professors as “enemies of the people”. The atmosphere of fear and humiliation was sustained through press campaigns of defamation. Especially the younger university professors were instructed to attack, in the press, the more professionally well reputed and publicly well-known professors. These articles contained not only analyses of the professors’ works and ideas, but also their dismantling, their “exposé” and their human undermining. This paper is a case study on a professor from medieval department of Cluj university, Francisc Pall at the beginning of 1950s years. Keywords: Communism, Romania, education reform, cultural revolution, violence, surveillance. "

The Marais

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Reader
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Andre Malraux ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

This book explores the history and the vicissitudes of one of Paris’s most extraordinary areas, the Marais. Centrally located on the Right Bank, this neighbourhood was from the Middle Ages through to the eighteenth century the most fashionable in the city, headquarters of the nobility who endowed it with resplendent architecture. The Court’s move to Versailles and the Revolution of 1789 led to the quartier’s decline, so that in the nineteenth century and the earlier part of the twentieth it was in parlous shape, its fine buildings run down and often severely overcrowded. It escaped wholesale destruction in the post-War frenzy of modernization largely thanks to André Malraux, who as Culture Minister fostered the restoration of the area. Malraux’s efforts were, however, not immune from criticism, sometimes seen as a form of socio-economic cleansing with concomitant fossilization, and thus emblematic of the problems faced by a city which has always been torn between the preservation of its past and the need to adapt to social and historical change. The book focuses particularly on literary, cinematic and other artistic reproductions of the quartier, of which it attempts to provide a comprehensive overview, and foregrounds particularly its importance as home to and base of two highly significant minorities – the Jewish and the gay communities.

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