scholarly journals Nonstandard Employment in the Nordics – Toward Precarious Work?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Rasmussen ◽  
Jouko Nätti ◽  
Trine Pernille Larsen ◽  
Anna Ilsøe ◽  
Anne Helene Garde
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Nonstandard Employment ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Institutional Contexts

This article examines nonstandard employment and precariousness in four Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway). Drawing on data from the Labour Force Survey from 1995 to 2015, the article investigates and compares recent developments of nonstandard employment in the countries and analyzes whether fixed-term contracts, temporary agency work, marginal part-time work and solo self-employment have precarious elements (measured as income or job insecurity). We conclude that nonstandard employment has remained rather stable in all four countries over time. However, although nonstandard employment seems to be largely integrated in the Nordic labor markets, it still entails precarious elements in certain countries in particular. Norway and Denmark stand out as having less insecure labor markets, while Finland and Sweden have more precariousness associated with nonstandard employment. We argue that these differences are explained by differences in the institutional contexts in the countries.

TAX FOR THE SELF-EMPLOYED: PROS AND CONS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Hasanova ◽  
R.R. Hatueva ◽  
A.L. Arsaev
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Crisis Conditions ◽  
Part Time Work

This article discusses the pros and cons of applying professional income tax. Professional income tax is not mandatory, but an alternative way to pay 2 taxes on self-employment or part-time work. The introduction of this tax can mediate an increase in revenues to the state budget, which is of particular importance for the country in post-crisis conditions.

scholarly journals Women’s Vulnerability to the Economic Crisis through the Lens of Part-time Work in Spain

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110012
Author(s):  
Valeria Insarauto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

This article studies women’s vulnerability to the economic crisis of 2008 through the lens of part-time work in Spain. It posits that part-time work made the female employment position more fragile by acting as a transmission mechanism of traditional gender norms that establish women as secondary workers. This argument is tested through an analysis of Labour Force Survey data from 2007 to 2014 that examines the influence of the employment situation of the household on women’s part-time employment patterns. The results expose the limited take-up of part-time work but also persistent patterns of involuntariness and underemployment corresponding to negative household employment situations, highlighting the constraining role of gender norms borne by the relative position of part-time work in the configuration of employment structures. The article concludes that, during the crisis, part-time work participated in the re-establishment of women as a family dependent and flexible labour supply, increasing their vulnerability.

Environmental Context and Women in the IT Workforce

2011 ◽  
pp. 276-281
Author(s):  
Eileen M. Trauth ◽  
Jeria L. Quesenberry ◽  
Benjamin Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Context ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
It Workforce ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Information Work ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender And It ◽  
Part Time Work

The rise of the network society involves a transformation of employment, in which power relations shift with the flow of capital, leading to downsizing, subcontracting and networking of labor. These processes facilitate flexibility and individualization of contractual arrangements in information work. As a whole, there is an increase in self-employment, temporary work, and part-time work, particularly for women (Castells, 1996). This transformation of employment brings heightened consideration about the characteristics of the labor force. Thus, one need is to examine environmental context and the possible connections between economic and cultural factors of a region and the experience of women in the IT workforce. This article summarizes an empirical study presented in greater detail in Trauth, Quesenberry, and Yeo (2005) that explored the influence of environmental context on women in the IT workforce by using the Individual Differences Theory of Gender and IT (Trauth, 2002; Trauth, Huang, Morgan, Quesenberry, & Yeo, 2006; Trauth, Quesenberry, & Morgan, 2004).

The New Realities of Working-Class Jobs: Employer Practices, Worker Protections, and Employee Voice to Improve Job Quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 695 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-224
Author(s):  
Julia R. Henly ◽  
Susan J. Lambert ◽  
Laura Dresser
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Job Quality ◽  
Employee Voice ◽  
Nonstandard Employment ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Employer Practices ◽  
The Voice

Over the last 40 years, changing employer practices have introduced instability and insecurity into working-class jobs, limiting the voice that employees have in their own employment and deteriorating overall job quality. In the decade after the Great Recession, slow but sustained economic growth benefitted workers in terms of generally higher employment and wages and reductions in involuntary part-time work. But we show that in that same period, other aspects of working-class jobs changed in ways that were less advantageous to workers. We examine recent, troubling trends in nonstandard employment, precarious scheduling practices, and employer labor violations, arguing that without the introduction of policies that rebalance terms of employment toward worker interests, an economic recovery alone is unlikely to reverse the overall trend toward reductions in job quality. We argue for federal-level policies that expand public insurance programs, establish minimum standards of job quality, and include avenues for collective employee voice in employment and public policy debates. Such strategies have potential to improve job quality.

Trapped in Precariousness? Risks and Opportunities of Female Immigrants and Natives Transitioning from Part-Time Jobs in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 749-768
Author(s):  
Jacobo Muñoz-Comet ◽  
Stephanie Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Job Transitions ◽  
Standard Work ◽  
Labour Market Segmentation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Female Immigrants ◽  
Part Time

Using panel data from the Spanish Labour Force Survey (2008–2016), we explore the risks and opportunities of job transitions (to unemployment, inactivity, full-time work and promotion) of female immigrants and natives in part-time work. This is the first study examining the two possible functions of part-time employment (stepping stone or trap) for different types of women across different working time categories. It contributes to the ongoing discussion about the function of non-standard work by applying an intersectional lens. Our results confirm that the signalling of different types of part-time job works positively, although the signal is weaker for immigrant women, particularly for those working in marginal and substantial part-time employment. The main sociodemographic and structural drivers of labour transitions explain only partially the gross migrant–native differences. As female immigrants experience a stronger outsider position, additional determinants of signalling beyond human capital and labour market segmentation factors might be at work.

Discrimination and the world of Work A Coming

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Puplick
Keyword(s):  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Indigenous Australians ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Corporate Downsizing ◽  
Rapid Transformation

Working life is in the process of radical and rapid transformation. Unemployment remaining high through recession and recovery, corporate downsizing, more casual and part-time work together with more intense job insecurity mark the outlines of the emergent “30–30–40” society. At the same time, Australian society is also being transformed by such influences as a more evidently diverse population arising from migration inflows and the changing social and economic roles of men and women. In these changes, Australia reflects internationally observable phenomena. Discrimination law both encourages and stands witness to such transformations, but appears so far to have limited influence in promoting disadvantaged minorities to the top tables of privilege. Women, people from non-English-speaking backgrounds and indigenous Australians are more evident in the workplace, but access and equity questions for them remain unresolved. Nonetheless, acceptance of social diversity and the ability to navigate it will provide the keys to the future.

scholarly journals The Cost of Workplace Flexibility for High-Powered Professionals

2011 ◽  
Vol 638 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goldin ◽  
Lawrence F. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Workplace Flexibility ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Part Time Work ◽  
Over Time

The authors study the pecuniary penalties for family-related amenities in the workplace (e.g., job interruptions, short hours, part-time work, and flexibility during the workday), how women have responded to them, and how the penalties have changed over time. The pecuniary penalties to behaviors that are beneficial to family appear to have decreased in many professions. Self-employment has declined in many of the high-end professions (e.g., pharmacy, optometry, dentistry, law, medicine, and veterinary medicine) where it was costly in terms of workplace flexibility. The authors conclude that many professions have experienced an increase in workplace flexibility, driven often by exogenous factors (e.g., increased scale of operations and shifts to corporate ownership of business) but also endogenously because of an increased number of women. Workplace flexibility in some positions, notably in the business and financial sectors, has lagged.

The extent and determinants of precarious employment in Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lefteris Kretsos ◽  
Ilias Livanos
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Temporary Work ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Part Time

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent and determinants of the so-called precarious employment across Europe and using different measures and based on individual’s self-assessment. Design/methodology/approach – Data on over two million workers across Europe (EU-15) from the European Union Labour Force Survey are utilised and a Heckman selection approach is adopted. Findings – About one tenth of the total European workforce is in employment relationships that could be related to precariousness. The sources of precariousness are mainly involuntary part-time and temporary work. Less prominent as a source of precariousness is job insecurity related to fear of job loss. Vulnerable groups are found to have a higher risk of precariousness while significant country variations indicate that precariousness cannot be examined in isolation of the national context. Finally, signals of previous employment inability, such as lack of past working experience, as well as the state of labour market significantly increase the risk of precarious work. Originality/value – The present study utilises a large-scale survey in order to investigate the incidence of precarious employment in a harmonised way and produce results that are comparable across EU-15 countries.

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