scholarly journals Income distribution and poverty as obstacles to the recovery of the crisis in the european Union

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-158
Author(s):  
Jose Nabor Cruz Marcelo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
The European Union

Artículo que informa los resultados de cómo la desigualdad de los ingresos ha generado un intenso debate no sólo en la teoría económica sino en las ciencias sociales en general, puesto que se considera imprescindible una mejora en las percepciones de ingresos para generar bienestar económico y social. Por lo tanto, a través de tres indicadores, el coeficiente de Gini, la participación de los salarios en el Producto Interno Bruto y un índice de concentración del ingreso alternativo se analiza la evolución la distribución del ingreso en los países de la Unión Europea (UE) durante el periodo 1995-2012. Además, se simulan escenarios económicos, a través de un modelo algebraico que se basa en el método de Monte-Carlo, los efectos de algunas estrategias alternativas de Políticas Públicas que se pueden llevar a cabo en la Unión Europea para enfrentar la recesión económica y mejorar la desigualdad social. Se encuentra que mientras no se apliquen choques de demanda en la economía, la recesión económica continuará, así como la reducción del poder adquisitivo de los salarios de la UE. Lo cual constituye factores que influyen en el descontento y protesta social que consecuentemente impactarán en la seguridad y desarrollo de las economías europeas.

Employment and competitiveness as challenges for collective bargaining: a global perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-731
Author(s):  
Youcef Ghellab ◽  
Peggy Kelly
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Employment Security

This article explores the changing focus of collective bargaining within the context of the global drive for competition. The first section describes how the main items on the agenda for collective bargaining have shifted from income distribution to means of promoting and protecting employment and competitiveness, and explains how mass unemployment and precarious employment have pushed employment security to the top of the collective bargaining agenda. Technological change, the increasing globalisation of the economy, the formation of regional economic groupings, and the intensification of competition between firms in the product market have all contributed to the pressure on collective bargaining institutions to improve competitiveness. The second section examines innovative approaches to dealing with the issues of employment protection, creation and competitiveness by highlighting the collective bargaining experiences of a number of countries outside of the European Union.

scholarly journals A Mathematical prediction of the time evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic in some countries of the European Union using Monte Carlo simulations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Ciufolini ◽  
Antonio Paolozzi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Error Function ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Prediction Curve ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Eu

AbstractIn this paper we study the statistical evolution in time of the Covid-19 pandemic in Spain, Italy, Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, Austria and Portugal, i.e., the countries of the European Union (EU) that have a number of positive cases higher than 12 thousand at April 7, 2020. France is the third country of the EU for number of cases but a jump in the data on April 3, 2020 does not allow, at least for the moment, to have a reliable prediction curve. The analysis is based on the use of a function of the type of a Gauss Error Function, with four parameters, as a Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF). A Monte Carlo analysis is used to estimate the uncertainty. The approach used in this paper is mathematical and statistical and thus does not explicitly consider a number of relevant issues, including number of nasopharyngeal swabs, mitigation measures, social distancing, virologic, epidemiological and models of contamination diffusion.

Crisis and Inequality in the European Union

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-452
Author(s):  
Ignacio Amate-Fortes ◽  
Almudena Guarnido-Rueda ◽  
Agustín Molina-Morales
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Economic Freedom Index

The objective of this work is to analyse the factors that influence a greater or lesser inequality in income distribution in the 27 EU countries, paying particular attention to the effect that the economic crisis has had. For this purpose we have used panel data covering a period of 16 years (from 1996 to 2011, inclusive), and we have introduced additional variables over and above those normally used, such as the ideology of the governing party, the economic freedom index, as well as the ‘crisis’ variable. The results obtained enable us to conclude that while the economic crisis has not necessarily caused a worsening in inequality, the response of European governments by means of social policy has not so far proved effective in the fight against the lack of equality in income distribution.

scholarly journals MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS OF HAPPINESS: CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerajda FERUNI ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Least Square ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Determinants Of Economic Growth

The aim of this paper is to test empirically the relationship between life satisfaction, another term used for happiness, and macroeconomic indicators such as GDP per capita, which is a proxy for economic growth, unemployment, inflation, income distribution and government expenditure in the European Union countries during the period of 2005-2017. The chosen variables are some of the most significant determinants of economic growth as well. Using the Fixed Effects model, which falls under the Panel Generalized Least Square method, the empirical results are in accordance with the literature review and suggest that unemployment and inflation have negative significant impacts on life satisfaction. Additionally, higher government expenditures and a higher level of economic growth lead to a higher level of life satisfaction in the EU countries, while unfair income distribution leads to a lower level of life satisfaction. Keywords: life satisfaction, macroeconomic indicators, economic growth, EU

Comparing the performance of sampling plans that use a single regulatory limit based upon total aflatoxins to sampling plans that use dual limits based upon B1 and total aflatoxins

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Whitaker ◽  
A. Slate ◽  
J. Adams ◽  
T. Birmingham ◽  
F. Giesbrecht
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sampling Plans ◽  
Tree Nuts ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aflatoxin B

The European Commission (EC) aflatoxin sampling plan for ready-to-eat tree nuts such as almonds requires that each of the three 10 kg laboratory samples must all test less than 2 ng/g aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 4 ng/g total aflatoxins (AFT) for the lot to be accepted. Exporters have observed that the AFB1/AFT ratio varied greatly from sample to sample and the ratio appeared to average more than 50%. Because of the concern that dual limits associated with the EC aflatoxin sampling plans may reject more lots than similar sampling plans that use a single limit based upon total aflatoxins, studies were designed with the objectives to (a) measure the distribution of AFB1/AFT ratio values using sample test results associated with testing U.S. almond lots exported to the European Union; (b) use Monte Carlo methods to develop a model to compute the effects of using dual limits based upon AFB1 and AFT on the probability of accepting almond lots; and (c) compare the probability of accepting almond lots using the current Codex aflatoxin sampling plans for tree nuts when using single limits versus the use of dual limits. The study results showed that the mean and median among 3,257 AFB1/AFT ratio values was 87.6% and 91.9%, respectively, indicating that the distribution among the ratio values was negatively skewed. Only 31% of the 3,257 AFB1/AFT ratio values are less than the mean ratio of 87.6%. Codex aflatoxin sampling plans for tree nuts using a single limit based upon total aflatoxins had the highest probability of accepting lots at all lot concentrations when compared to the probability of accepting lots with dual limits. As the AFB1 limit decreased from 90 to 50% of the total limit, the probability of rejecting lots at all concentrations increased when compared to the Codex aflatoxin sampling plans with a single limit based upon total aflatoxins.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document