scholarly journals Distribution of Mast Cell in Acute Appendicitis and Its Role in Histopathological Diagnosis - A Study in Tertiary Care Centre from South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (23) ◽  
pp. 1988-1992
Author(s):  
Syamini Chandrasekharapillai Leelamany ◽  
Seena Abdul Vaheed Radhika Devi
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
South India ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Cell Distribution ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Cd 117

BACKGROUND Appendicitis is the most common indication for intra-abdominal surgery, especially in adolescents and young adults. In about 15 – 25 % of appendices removed at surgery because of suspected symptoms, histological features of acute appendicitis are absent. The cause of acute abdominal pain in these patients can be due to mast cells which may play a role in pathogenesis of appendicitis-like pain. Demonstration of mast cell in tissue can be done by toluidine blue staining or immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker CD 117. We wanted to evaluate whether the degree of distribution of mast cells has any relation with clinical findings and evaluate its usefulness as a diagnostic marker for histological diagnosis of acute appendicitis. METHODS This is a descriptive study done in 120 cases of appendicectomy specimens from clinically diagnosed cases of acute appendicitis received in a tertiary care center in South India in which 60 where histology positive and others were histology negative. Mast cell distribution in each group was compared using toluidine blue stain and CD 117. Collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using the statistical software SPSS version 16. RESULTS Mast cell distribution was significant in all layers of histologically negative acute appendicitis in comparison with histology positive cases. Mucosa has maximum mast cells distribution. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells play an important role in the clinical symptoms of patients even when there were no features of acute inflammation. In those cases, mast cells can be demonstrated by simple toluidine blue staining or IHC markers. This is one of the less studied areas, and the clinicopathological discrepancy can be solved by giving mast cell distribution along with histopathology diagnosis. KEYWORDS Appendicitis, Histologically Negative Acute Appendicitis, Mast Cells, Toluidine Blue, CD 117

scholarly journals Enterochromaffin Cells and Mast Cells in Acute Appendicitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Bhavya P. Mohan ◽  
K.P. Aravindan
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Ec Cells

Abstract Background and Objective Serotonin levels are increased in acute appendicitis. We investigated the possible source of this increase. The aim of this study was to compare the distribution and density of epithelial and nonepithelial enterochromaffin (EC) cells as well as numbers of degranulated and nondegranulated mast cells in different layers of normal appendices and acute appendicitis. Methods Sections from 15 cases of acute appendicitis and 10 cases where the appendix was morphologically normal were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Toluidine blue, and immunohistochemically for chromogranin and CD-117. EC cells stained by chromogranin were counted per crypt and extraepithelial EC cells counted and expressed as cells per unit area (mm2). Mast cells stained by Toluidine blue and CD-117 were counted in lamina propria, submucosa, and muscle layers. The difference between Toluidine blue and CD117 stained mast cells was taken to be an estimate of degranulated cells. The cell counts were expressed per unit area (mm2) as well as per cross-sectional area of the appendix. Results There was no statistically significant difference in epithelial and extraepithelial EC cells between acute appendicitis and normal appendix. Estimated mast cell degranulation as indicated by mast cell counts per cross-sectional area is greatly increased in acute appendicitis when compared with normal. Conclusion Degranulated mast cells rather than EC cells may be the main source of raised serotonin in acute appendicitis.

scholarly journals A Method for Quantitative Estimation of Mast Cells in the Bone Marrow of the Rat

Blood ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
IVAN MOTA
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Distribution

Abstract Observations of thick smears of marrow obtained from the femur, tibia, humerus, sternum, and ribs (in rats), showed that in the first three bones, the number of mast cells was much higher than in the latter two bones. A method for the quantitative estimation of the total number of nucleated cells and of mast cells in the bone marrow of rats is presented. The method involves dilution of the marrow, in a red cell pipet, with a 1:50,000 solution of toluidine blue in 3 per cent acetic acid. This method confirmed the results of mast-cell distribution obtained in the study of marrow smears.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Expression of Mast Cells Using c-Kit in Various Grades of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musarrat J. Khatri ◽  
Rajiv S. Desai ◽  
G. S. Mamatha ◽  
Meena Kulkarni ◽  
Jay Khatri
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Oral Submucous Fibrosis ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Mast Cell Density ◽  
Submucous Fibrosis ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a high risk precancerous condition characterized by changes in the connective tissue fibers of lamina propria and deeper parts of mucosa. Mast cells are local residents of connective tissue and have been identified to participate in fibrotic process. These cells produce pharmacologically active substances necessary for the physiological function of our body in response to various stimuli as and when required and also play a significant role in the pathogenesis of oral diseases. Ten healthy volunteers and 30 clinically diagnosed OSF cases with histopathological confirmation were included in the study. Immunohistochemical (c-kit) as well as acidified toluidine blue staining techniques were used to evaluate density and expression of mast cells. The mast cell density assessed using c-kit and toluidine blue showed significant difference in various stages of OSF. In general the mean number of mast cells obtained using c-kit was found to be more than that obtained using toluidine blue in various stages of OSF. The comparison of mast cell densities using immunohistochemistry (c-kit) and toluidine blue stain confirmed that c-kit is a more reliable technique to assess mast cell density in OSF.

scholarly journals Tryptase- and ghrelin positive mast cells in the interalveolar septa of rat’s lung

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-477
Author(s):  
I. G. Ivanova ◽  
I. S. Stefanov
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Immunohistochemical Identification

The mast cell mediators and distribution of lung mast cells in rats are often discussed in experimental studies on pulmonary fibrotic and allergic processes associated with changes in numbers of these cells, but information on the normal distribution of metachromatic and tryptase-positive mast cells in the interalveolar septa is scarce. There are no data on the presence of ghrelin in lung mast cells as well as the age-specific features of localisation and the number of mast cells in the interalveolar septa in rats of different ages. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the distribution of metachromatic, tryptase-, and ghrelin-positive mast cells in the interalveolar septa in 20 day-, 3 month- and 1 year-old rats. Tissue sections stained with toluidine blue had been taken from the left lung to visualise metachromasia and immunohistochemical expression of tryptase and ghrelin. The results showed that the amount of metachromatic mast cells in the interalveolar septa was significantly lower than that of tryptase- and ghrelin-positive cells. This allowed suggesting that mast cells were permanent occupants of the rat lung parenchyma and, on the other hand, the expression of ghrelin in their granules was most likely related to the synthesis of this protein. Our study showed that immunohistochemical identification by tryptase expression was more accurate than toluidine blue staining.

scholarly journals Detection of Infiltrating Mast Cells Using a Modified Toluidine Blue Staining

2017 ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahum Puebla-Osorio ◽  
Seri N. E. Sarchio ◽  
Stephen E. Ullrich ◽  
Scott N. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining

scholarly journals Aging-associated shifts in functional status of mast cells located by adult and aged mesenteric lymphatic vessels

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (6) ◽  
pp. H693-H702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Chatterjee ◽  
Anatoliy A. Gashev
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Rat Mesentery

We had previously proposed the presence of permanent stimulatory influences in the tissue microenvironment surrounding the aged mesenteric lymphatic vessels (MLV), which influence aged lymphatic function. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical labeling of proteins known to be present in mast cells (mast cell tryptase, c-kit, prostaglandin D2 synthase, histidine decarboxylase, histamine, transmembrane protein 16A, and TNF-α) with double verification of mast cells in the same segment of rat mesentery containing MLV by labeling with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated avidin followed by toluidine blue staining. Additionally, we evaluated the aging-associated changes in the number of mast cells located by MLV and in their functional status by inducing mast cell activation by various activators (substance P; anti-rat DNP Immunoglobulin E; peptidoglycan from Staphyloccus aureus and compound 48/80) in the presence of ruthenium red followed by subsequent staining by toluidine blue. We found that there was a 27% aging-associated increase in the total number of mast cells, with an ∼400% increase in the number of activated mast cells in aged mesenteric tissue in resting conditions with diminished ability of mast cells to be newly activated in the presence of inflammatory or chemical stimuli. We conclude that higher degree of preactivation of mast cells in aged mesenteric tissue is important for development of aging-associated impairment of function of mesenteric lymphatic vessels. The limited number of intact aged mast cells located close to the mesenteric lymphatic compartments to react to the presence of acute stimuli may be considered contributory to the aging-associated deteriorations in immune response.

Ultrafast Toluidine Blue Staining for Rapid On-Site Evaluation of Cytological Smears

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-377
Author(s):  
Ekkehard Hewer ◽  
Anja M. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Nuclear Morphology ◽  
Hazardous Chemicals ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Site Evaluation ◽  
The Rose

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is one of cytopathology’s “unique selling propositions.” The quality, speed, and ease of handling of the staining used is a critical factor for the efficacy of the ROSE procedure. Here, we describe a modification of rapid toluidine blue staining that can be performed within 25 s, provides excellent nuclear morphology, and is compatible with subsequent Papanicolaou staining of the slides. Furthermore, exposure to hazardous chemicals is minimized, as no organic solvents other than the alcohol-based fixative and glycerin for temporary mounting and coverslipping are required. We have used this protocol successfully in our ROSE practice and have not observed any discrepancies between toluidine blue- and permanent Papanicolaou-stained slides.

The lysosomal protease cathepsin D is efficiently sorted to and secreted from regulated secretory compartments in the rat basophilic/mast cell line RBL

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (18) ◽  
pp. 3289-3298 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dragonetti ◽  
M. Baldassarre ◽  
R. Castino ◽  
M. Demoz ◽  
A. Luini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cathepsin D ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Lysosomal Protease ◽  
Mannose 6 Phosphate ◽  
Mast Cell Line

Basophils and mast cells contain a peculiar class of inflammatory granules that discharge their content upon antigen-mediated crosslinking of IgE-membrane receptors. The pathways for granule biogenesis and exocytosis in these cells are still largely obscure. In this study we employed the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)/mast cell line to verify the hypothesis that inflammatory granules share common bioactive molecules and functional properties with lysosomes. We demonstrate that inflammatory granules, as identified by the monoclonal 5G10 antibody (which recognises an integral membrane protein) or by Toluidine Blue staining, have an intralumenal acidic pH, possess lysosomal enzymes and are accessible by fluid-phase and membrane endocytosis markers. In addition, we studied the targeting, subcellular localisation and regulated secretion of the lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D (CD) as affected by IgE receptor stimulation in order to obtain information on the pathways for granule biogenesis and exocytosis. Stimulation with DNP-BSA of specific IgE-primed RBL cells led to a prompt release of processed forms of CD, along with other mature lysosomal hydrolases. This release could be prevented by addition of EGTA, indicating that it was dependent on extracellular calcium influx. Antigen stimulation also induced exocytosis of immature CD forms accumulated by ammonium chloride, suggesting the existence of an intermediate station in the pathway for granule biogenesis still sensitive to regulated exocytosis. The targeting of molecules to secretory granules may occur via either a mannose-6-phosphate-dependent or mannose-6-phosphate-independent pathway. We conclude that endosomes and lysosomes in basophils/mast cells can act as regulated secretory granules or actually identify with them.

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