Laboratory Studies of the Interactions of Environmental Conditions on the Susceptibility of Green June Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica L. Townsend ◽  
Donn T. Johnson ◽  
Don C. Steinkraus
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Water Suspensions

In the laboratory, four nematode species differed significantly in the percentage mortality that each caused in second-instar green June beetles (grubs), Cotinis nitida (L.). Water suspensions of 1,000 infective juveniles (IJ)/one grub/Petri dish each of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. feltiae caused 34, 22 and 18% grub mortality, respectively. These values were significantly (P = 0.05) greater than the grub mortality caused by either S. carpocapsae (12%) or the water check (0%) that were similar. Several factors affected third- and fourth-instar susceptibility in the laboratory when exposed to 10,000 S. carpocapsae or H. bacteriophora IJ in 75 g of soil (133 IJ/cm3 soil)/plastic cup. Soil at 30% moisture by weight resulted in significantly more (P= 0.006) dead grubs (6.6%) than at 10% soil moisture (2.8%). Significantly more (P = 0.03) grubs died when at a grub density of 2 grubs/plastic cup (5.6%) than at 1 grub/plastic cup (3.8%). Significantly more (P = 0.01) grubs were killed by either S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora at a soil temperature of 25°C (6.5%) than at 12°C (2.8%). There was also a significant interaction of temperature and nematode species. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora killed significantly more (P= 0.02) grubs at 25°C (9.5%) than at 12°C (1.9%) and more than S. carpocapsae killed at either 12°C or 25°C (<3.9%). More virulent nematode strains or species than these four nematode species must be identified if green June beetles are to be controlled by nematodes.

Response of cruiser and ambusher entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) to host volatile cues

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin E. Lewis ◽  
Randy Gaugler ◽  
Robert Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbons ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Volatile Cues

Two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, an ambush forager (Steinernema carpocapsae) and a cruising forager (S. glaseri), were assayed for their responses to volatiles associated with Galleria mellonella (Insecta: Lepidoptera). The responses of entomopathogenic nematodes to six host-associated volatile treatments were assayed. Live G. mellonella, live G. mellonella with the cuticular hydrocarbons removed, live G. mellonella with carbon dioxide removed, dead G. mellonella, dead G. mellonella with the cuticular hydrocarbons removed, and volatiles from S. exiqua feces were assayed in a Y-tube choice aparatus. Steinernema glaseri were attracted only to treatments producing carbon dioxide. Steinernema carpocapsae showed no significant response to any treatments tested. To assess the directionality of the response toward live G. mellonella, net average movement per nematode after 5, 10, and 20 min was measured for both nematode species. The assay method was based on the "quadrant plate" bioassay, with a 9 cm Petri dish containing 2% agar. Steinernema carpocapsae showed little directionality of response, whereas S. glaseri was attracted to carbon dioxide. We conclude that carbon dioxide attracts S. glaseri to areas likely to hold hosts. Ambush foragers are less influenced by cues associated with hosts or their habitat.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Economic Dipteran Fruit Flies to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Samir Tawfik Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Highly Virulent

The present review article demonstrates laboratory and field evaluations of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against different developmental stages of fruit flies. The virulence of the EPNs  differed clearly  even on the same insect species and / or by the same nematode species. Such differences might be attributed  to some reasons such as the method of treatment as well as the concentrations of the tested nematodes. Fruit flies are among the most important insect pests infesting vegetables and fruits causing considerable losses in the yields worldwide. In laboratory studies, the tested nematodes proved to be highly virulent to larvae as  percentage of  mortality may reach 100 %.  As for treated pupae, at different ages, the results are variable and controversially; some studies revealed their moderate or high susceptibility to nematode infection and others indicated low susceptibility or resistance to infection .Treated adults, or those emerged from treated larvae or pupae,  are also susceptible to infection.  In semi-field and field trials, EPNs proved to be successful for reducing the populations of some fruit flies with up to 85 % at concentrations not less than 100 infective juveniles (IJs) / cm2 of soil. However, the field applications of commercial EPNs have been recommended to be 2.5 – 5 x 109 IJs / ha (25-50 IJs/cm2 of soil).

Mortality Response of Green June Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to Four Species of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica L. Townsend ◽  
Don C. Steinkraus ◽  
Donn T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mortality Response ◽  
Green June Beetle

Four species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (All strain), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (NC strain), S. glaseri (Steiner), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, were tested in the laboratory for their effect on larvae of the green June beetle, Cotinus nitida L. When nematodes were injected into the foregut of larvae (ca. 1,000 nematodes per larva), S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, and H. bacteriophora caused similar mortality (65, 45, 65, and 63%, respectively). At a concentration of 10 nematodes per larva, S. carpocapsae produced significantly higher mortality (51%) than the other three nematode species. Increasing nematode concentrations resulted in only a slight increase in mortality of larvae injected perorally with any of the four nematode species. Water filtrates from whole nematodes or ground nematode tissue supernatants from S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora injected perorally into the alimentary tract did not kill green June beetle larvae. Thus, live nematodes appeared to be necessary to cause mortality. Subcuticular or peroral injections of S. carpocapsae or H. bacteriophora (1,000 nematodes per larva) produced similar mortality of green June beetle larvae ranging from 60 to 70%. Nematode-killed larvae were dissected (n=277) but only two cadavers contained live nematodes and nematodes did not successfully reproduce in any nematode-killed green June beetle larvae. Possible explanations for the failure of cadavers to produce nematode progeny are discussed.

scholarly journals Virulence comparisons of high-temperature-adapted Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema feltiae and S. carpocapsae

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Susurluk ◽  
T. C. Ulu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe

Summary Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are environmentally safe alternative control agents. Nematodes in the Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae families are widely used in biological control frameworks, especially for soil-inhabiting insect pests. In this experiment, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976), Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) and S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) adapted at high temperature were assessed in order to detect differences in virulence between adapted and non-adapted populations. All species were exposed to 38 °C for 2 h. After this treatment, live infective juveniles (IJs) were used to infect to last instar Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758). larvae at the following doses: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 IJs/larva. The LD50 and LD90 were obtained for these species. Non-adapted populations of the nematode species were used as controls for this experiment. The results indicated that differences in S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae virulence between the adapted and non-adapted populations were significant; no significant difference was observed between the adapted and non-adapted H. bacteriophora populations.

Cellular reactions of the white grub larvae, Polyphylla adspersa, against entomopathogenic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamileh Alvandi ◽  
Javad Karimi ◽  
Gary B. Dunphy
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Encapsulation Rate

The haemocyte reactions of the white grub larvae Polyphylla adspersa to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), together with the host haemocyte types, have been studied. Six types of identified haemocytes included the prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, coagulocytes and spherulocytes. The granulocytes were the dominant (65.2%) haemocyte type followed by the plasmatocytes (22.1%). Both haemocyte types encapsulate EPN. White grub larvae and last larval stage of Galleria mellonella were individually infected with monoxenic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora or Steinernema glaseri. The maximum total haemocyte counts (THC) level of the white grub larvae against the nematode S. glaseri occurred at 12 h post-injection. In addition, by 8 h post-injection, the granulocyte and plasmatocyte levels decreased. The cell reactions of the grubs against H. bacteriophora in terms of THC and differential haemocyte counts and the encapsulation rate started earlier and were more pronounced than those against S. glaseri. The maximum percentage of the encapsulation observed in the white grub larvae against S. glaseri (27.3 ± 0.7%) and H. bacteriophora (36.5 ± 3.5%) occurred at 12 and 8 h post-injection, respectively. EPN-triggered encapsulation in P. adspersa larvae was more extensive than in G. mellonella larvae.

scholarly journals THE CONTINUAL FORMING AND CONTRIBUTION OF INFECTIVE JUVENILES PRODUCED VIA ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES IN THE FAMILY OF STEINERNEMATIDAE AND HETERORHABDITIDAE

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliantoro Baliadi ◽  
E. Kondo ◽  
T. Yoshiga
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
The Family ◽  
Insect Cadaver ◽  
Wax Moth

The non-feeding developmentally arrested infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae seek out a susceptible insect host and initiate infections. The aim of the research was to examine the continual<br />forming and contribution of IJs produced via endotokia matricida (IJs-EM) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Nematology of the Saga University, Japan (April 2001-April<br />2002) and the Laboratory of Nematology of the Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (June 2003-October 2004). The nematode progenies were investigated using the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, pre-inoculated with 50 IJs at 25°C.<br />Results showed that three reproductive adult generations were observed at day 18th. There were 135,000, 128,000 and 133,000 IJs per insect cadaver produced in H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae, respectively. Endotokia matricida contributed a higher number of IJs than that of a normal mode of IJs production. The ratios are 81%, 28% and 64% for H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, and S. carpocapsae of the IJs total production, respectively. Among the generations, the highest contribution of IJs was come from the<br />third adult generation bearing endotokia matricida, i.e., 63%, 24% and 51% for the three nematode species. Although the IJs-EM were more transparent compared to the normal IJs, they were morphologically similar. The results show that endotokia matricida has a pivotal role in a species maintenance and survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes in extreme environmental conditions.

Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes with fipronil

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. García del Pino ◽  
M. Jové
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Chloride Channel ◽  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Management Option

AbstractThe survival and infectivity of infective juveniles (IJs) of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, S. arenarium (Artyukhovsky) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), were determined after exposure to different concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) of fipronil, an insecticide acting on the GABA receptors to block the chloride channel. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was very tolerant to all concentrations of fipronil, with the highest mortality of 17% being observed at 2000 ppm of fipronil after 72 h exposure. Steinernema carpocapsae showed a similar response, with the highest mortality of 11.25% of IJs being observed after 72 h exposure to 2000 ppm of fipronil. Steinernema arenarium was, however, more sensitive to fipronil, and at 2000 ppm mortality rates of 94.6% and 100% were observed after 24 and 72 h, respectively. Fipronil had negligible effects on the infectivity of the three nematode species tested. The IJs which survive exposure to all concentrations of fipronil tested can infect and reproduce in Galleria larvae. The moderate effects on entomopathogenic nematodes of a lower fipronil concentration (250 ppm) and the field rates (12–60 ppm) of fipronil used as insecticide, suggest that direct mixing of entomopathogenic nematodes and fipronil at field rates is a viable integrated pest management option.

scholarly journals Virulence of Native and Exotic Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinerematidae, Heterorhabditidae) Against Larvae of the Agave Weevil, Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 832A-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Molina-Ochoa* ◽  
Eva Judith Hueso-Guerrero ◽  
Roberto Lezama-Gutiérrez ◽  
Javier Farías-Larios ◽  
Francisco Radillo-Juárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Agave Tequilana ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Cryptic Habitats ◽  
Mexican Strains

The agave weevil (Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal) (AW) is widely distributed and is severe pest of plants in the Order Liliales, Familiy Agavaceae, such as Agave tequilana, A. fourcroydes, A. sisalana, A. sp., Polianthes tuberosa, and Yucca sp. Some of these species have importance as ornamental, medicinal, fragrant essence, and raw fiber. AW is controlled with insecticides, but insecticides are unable to reach the larvae in the galleries where the larvae borrows the agave crowns. Galleries are cryptic habitats where the entomopathogenic nematodes are able to infect instars of the AW. Recently, Hueso-Guerrero, and Molina-Ochoa (2004) reported the occurrence of native steinernematid nematodes naturally infecting the AW larvae. Virulence of isolates and strains of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes against AW larvae was determined under laboratory conditions. Three native steinernematid isolates obtained from naturally infected AW larvae (A1, A2, and A3) were bioassayed a concentration of 100 nematodes/mL and petri dish (60 × 10 mm) arenas. Native isolates were isolated from AW larvae attacking agave crowns. Other strains evaluated were: S. carpocapsae All and Mexican, S. riobrave, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NC2. Native steinernematid isolates caused 100% mortality, however exotic strains caused mortality ranges between 90%, and 40%. Steinernema carpocapsae All strain, S. riobrave, H. bacteriophora NC2, and S. carpocapsae Mexican strains caused 90%, 60%, 50%, and 40% mortality, respectively. Results suggest that native steinernematid isolates, and S. carpocapsae All strain have potential as biological control agents against the AW weevil.

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