Anatomy of the Human Cervical Spine and Spinal Cord at 20–22 Weeks of Intrauterine Development

Early and timely diagnosis of the spinal column and spinal cord pathologies, their intrauterine and postnatal correction require detailed knowledge of the anatomy and topography of the cervical spine in the fetus. The complex interactions of the cervical spine with the corresponding parts of the spinal cord and adjacent structures require detailed study during the embryonic period of ontogenesis.The aim of the study was to investigate the morphometric and topographic anatomical fetal features of the cervical spine and adjacent structures at 20–22 weeks of the intrauterine development.Material and methods. This study was performed on the sectional material from human fetuses, 20–22 weeks of development (20 human fetuses of both sexes), obtained from the fetal collection of the Department of Human Anatomy, Orenburg State Medical University. A standard set of morphological methods were applied in the study – macromicroscopic preparation, Pirogov method of cuts in three mutually perpendicular planes, production of serial histotopograms with Van Gieson staining, photography, morphometry.Results. It was found that during the studied periods of prenatal ontogenesis, the length of the cervical spine averaged 17.5±1.5 mm. The transverse size of the vertebral body in fetuses of 20–22 weeks of development throughout the cervical spine is of greater importance than the anteroposterior. The transverse and anteroposterior dimensions of the vertebral foramen gradually decrease in the craniocaudal direction. It was also demonstrated that it is necessary to remove the dura mater in order to obtain reliable dimensional characteristics of the spinal cord.Conclusion. Thus, the data obtained on the anatomy and topography of the spinal column and the spinal cord at the 20th – 22nd weeks of the human ontogenesis can serve as the morphological basis of fetal surgery.

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Regional injuries of the cervical spine: sports-related anatomical, pathophysiological, and clinical perspectives

10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0023 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Ezequiel Gherscovici ◽

Eli Baron ◽

Alexander Vaccaro

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Cervical Spine ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Spinal Column ◽

Neurological Injury ◽

Spine Injury ◽

Sporting Events ◽

Cervical Spine Injuries ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Athletic Field

Cervical spine injuries occur infrequently on the athletic field (Dietz and Lillegard 1999). Nevertheless, sporting events have been reported as the fourth most common cause of spinal cord injury (behind motor vehicle collisions, assaults, and falls) (NSCISC 2006). The possibility of catastrophic cervical spine injury exists with involvement in sports, where it can be defined as ‘structural distortion of the cervical spinal column associated with actual or potential damage to the spinal cord’. This may result in irreversible neurological injury to the athlete (...

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DEVELOPMENTAL PECULIARITIES OF TOPOGRAPHIC MORPHOLOGY OF CERVICAL FASCIA AND CELLULAR SPACES IN ANTERIOR AND LATERAL CERVICAL REGIONS IN HUMAN FETUSES

Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії ◽

10.31718/2077-1096.20.2.150 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 150-156

Author(s):

L. Ya. Lopushniak ◽

T. V. Khmara ◽

O. F. Marchuk ◽

O. M. Boichuk ◽

L. М. Gerasym ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microscopic Investigation ◽

Human Anatomy ◽

Cervical Region ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Association Agreement ◽

Fetal Period ◽

Human Ontogenesis ◽

Depth Study ◽

Medical University ◽

Morphological Research

In-depth study of the peculiarities of the morphological, topographic and anatomical relationships between fascia, muscles, vessels, nerves, cellular spaces and organs of other parts of the human body requires applying an appropriate methodology of morphological research. According to some researchers, the superficial, pretracheal, and prevertebral plates of the cervical fascia develop depending on the origin and morphogenesis of the respective groups of neck muscles. Obtaining data on the development of topographic morphology of the cervical fascia and interfascial cellular spaces of the anterior and lateral areas of the neck during the fetal period of human ontogenesis is an important area of fetal anatomy and surgery and can be used for age comparison. The purpose of the study was to clarify the peculiarities of the development of the topographic morphology in the cervical fascia and interfascial cellular spaces of the anterior and lateral areas of the neck in human fetuses of 4-10 months of gestation. The study was performed on 75 human fetuses of 81.0-375.0 mm parietal coccygeal length without external signs of anatomical abnormalities or developmental anomalies of the cervical region by preparing microscopic slides of organs and structures of the anterior and lateral areas of the neck. The samples taken from fetuses weighing more than 500.0 g were investigated directly at the Chernivtsi Regional Paediatric Pathological Bureau according to the association agreement. The material was also taken from the M.G. Turkevich Museum of the Human Anatomy Department, Bukovinian State Medical University. The macroscopic and microscopic investigation of the cervical region in human fetuses of 4-7 months revealed thin, semitranslucent plates of the cervical fascia: superficial, middle (pretracheal) and deep (prevertebral). In fetuses of 8-10 months in the anterior area of the neck, the plates of the cervical fascia were clearly seen and shiny. Subcutaneous, or superficial, and intracervical fascias were fascias propria of the neck, and having no clear boundaries passed into adjacent areas. In the fetal period of human ontogenesis the interfascial cellular spaces of the anterior and lateral areas of the neck develop including suprapectoral, anterovisceral, extravisceral, antescalenous, interscalenous cellular spaces and sheath of vascular-nervous bundles of the neck. During the fetal period of human ontogenesis, there is a pronounced variation in the development and location of the plates of the cervical fascia. The authors of this study state that the research and result publication have no conflicts regarding commercial or financial relations, relations with organizations and/or individuals who may have been related to the study.

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Peculiarities of spinal cord segments structural organization in human fetuses with anencephaly of 17–18 weeks of intrauterine development

Pathologia ◽

10.14739/2310-1237.2017.1.97226 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 0 (1) ◽

Author(s):

V. S. Shkolnikov ◽

S. V. Vernygorodskyi

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Structural Organization ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Intrauterine Development

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Method of Anterior Femoral Region Preparation for Establishing the Fetal Anatomical Variability of Vasculonervous Formations

Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu ◽

10.26693/jmbs05.05.073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

T. V. Khmara ◽

◽

P. V. Hryhorieva ◽

M. Yu. Leka ◽

A. I. Popovych

Keyword(s):

Femoral Artery ◽

Fetal Surgery ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Compensatory Mechanisms ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Age Related ◽

Femoral Ring ◽

Human Ontogenesis ◽

Object Of Study ◽

Variant Anatomy

Determining of projection-syntopic relationships of vasculonervous structures within the femoral ring, femoral triangle, and obturator and adductor canal in human fetuses is particularly important in fetal surgery, and requires the use of an appropriate set of methods of morphological examination. Obtaining data on the topographic and anatomical features of nerves, superficial and deep blood vessels of the anterior femoral region during the fetal period of human ontogenesis is a topical urgent task of fetal anatomy. The purpose of the study was to determine the method of the most rational sequence of actions during the preparation of the vasculonervous structures of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses to obtain standard results suitable for comparison in the age aspect. Material and methods. The study was performed on 80 human fetuses 81.0-375.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length using macromicroscopic preparation. After the selected sequence of preparation of nerves and vessels of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses 4-10 months we used additional methods such as vascular injection, surface staining of dissected vessels and nerves and morphometry to determine the forms of their age and individual anatomical variability. Results and discussion. The chosen sequence of preparation of nerves and vessels of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses allowed determining the forms of their age and individual anatomical variability. In particular, features of intramuscular branching of nerves and arteries in the muscles of the anterior and medial femoral groups, anatomical variability of the femoral artery and its branches, variant anatomy of the great saphenous vein, characterized by variability in shape, topography and bilateral asymmetry of its tributaries and formation of anastomoses were found in human fetuses. The identified connections and complexes of the femur cutaneous nerves, as well as areas of overlap and displacement are compensatory mechanisms in the peripheral nervous system and are observed not only between ontogenetically related nerves, but also nerves of different segmental affiliation. Conclusion. The proposed and tested method of preparation of vasculonervous structures of the anterior femoral region in human fetuses provides a standard for obtaining data on their typical and variant anatomy. The sequence of actions used during the preparation of the vasculonervous formations of the anterior femoral region of the human fetus preserves the natural appearance and relationships between the structures of the object of study. Age-related and individual fetal anatomical variability of vasculonervous formations of the anterior femoral region was discovered during the gradual preparation of the lumbar plexus branches, superficial and deep veins of the lower extremities, superficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes, and femoral artery branches

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Finite element analysis of middle cervical spine

10.32920/ryerson.14660517 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Noushin Bahramshahi

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Finite Element ◽

Cervical Spine ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Spinal Column ◽

Element Model ◽

Published Data ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Flexion Extension ◽

Disc Bulge

The spinal cord may be injured through various spinal column injury patterns. However, the relationship between column injury pattern and cord damage is not well understood. This investigation was conducted to develop a detailed, asymmetric three-dimensional finite element model of the C3-C5 cervical spine. The model was validated by comparing the simulation results obtained in this study with experimental published data. Upon validation of the model, the spinal cord was included into the model the simulation were performed. The disc bulge in the model with spinal cord were measured and compared with the results of the model without spinal cord. The results showed that inclusion of the spinal cord reduced the amount of lateral disc bulged. The results of the analysis of the model with spinal cord showed that in compression, the anterior surface of spinal cord sees more displacement, stress and strain that posterior surface and vice versa for flexion/extension.

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PEQULIARITIES OF MORPHOGENESYS AND TOPOGRAPHY OF INFRAHYOID TRIANGLES IN HUMAN PREFETUSES AND FETUSES

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202101120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 102-106

Author(s):

Olexandr V. Tsyhykalo ◽

Iryna S. Popova ◽

Olga Ya. Skrynchuk ◽

Tetiana D. Dutka-Svarychevska ◽

Larysa Ya. Fedoniuk

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Intrauterine Development ◽

Area Index ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Common Precursor ◽

Human Ontogenesis ◽

Developmental Features ◽

Omohyoid Muscle

The aim: To investigate morphology and developmental features of anatomical structures in the infrahyoid triangles of human neck during prefetal and fetal periods of human ontogenesis. Materials and methods: We have studied 30 specimens of human prefetuses from 7th till 12th week (16,0-82,0 mm of parieto-coccygeal length (PCL)) and 30 human fetuses aged from 4th till 10th month (84,0-360,0 mm PCL) of intrauterine development by the means of macro-, microscopy, morphometry, three-dimensional remodeling and statistical analyses. Results: We can observe anterior triangle in human fetuses after the time when common precursor muscular mass splits into two: the anterior and posterior portions which will give rise to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezoid muscles accordingly. The area index of the central triangle in human fetuses 4th – 10th month of intrauterine development shows the increasing tendency with the highest rates at 8th–10th months period – 1100-1200 mm2. The angulated course of omohyoid muscle is visible at late prefetal and early fetal periods (3-4th month; 80,0-130,0 PCL) as well as the presence of intermediate tendon. Peaks of the area of sternocleidomastoid region area evaluation was observed in 190,0-210,0 mm PCL and 260,0-270,0 mm PCL human fetuses; 6th and 7,5th months accordingly. Conclusions: The critical periods for the AT and SCM regions should be considered 6th and 8th months of the IUD. Prefetal period shows the presence of AT and border structure for the IH neck – precursor of HB. Fetal period of IUD (4th – 10th months of IUD) should be considered as such that represents an adult-alike morphology of IH neck: presence of IH triangles with fully developed vascular, muscular and fascial content.

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Acute cervical cord injury without fracture or dislocation of the spinal column

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/spi.2000.93.1.0015 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Izumi Koyanagi ◽

Yoshinobu Iwasaki ◽

Kazutoshi Hida ◽

Minoru Akino ◽

Hiroyuki Imamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Cervical Spine ◽

Spinal Canal ◽

Spinal Column ◽

Cord Compression ◽

Cervical Cord ◽

Content Type ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Cervical Cord Injury ◽

Fine Print

Object. It is known that the spinal cord can sustain traumatic injury without associated injury of the spinal column in some conditions, such as a flexible spinal column or preexisting narrowed spinal canal. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical features and to understand the mechanisms in cases of acute cervical cord injury in which fracture or dislocation of the cervical spine has not occurred. Methods. Eighty-nine patients who sustained an acute cervical cord injury were treated in our hospitals between 1990 and 1998. In 42 patients (47%) no bone injuries of the cervical spine were demonstrated, and this group was retrospectively analyzed. There were 35 men and seven women, aged 19 to 81 years (mean 58.9 years). The initial neurological examination indicated complete injury in five patients, whereas incomplete injury was demonstrated in 37. In the majority of the patients (90%) the authors found degenerative changes of the cervical spine such as spondylosis (22 cases) or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (16 cases). The mean sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal, as measured on computerized tomography scans, was significantly narrower than that obtained in the control patients. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed spinal cord compression in 93% and paravertebral soft-tissue injuries in 58% of the patients. Conclusions. Degenerative changes of the cervical spine and developmental narrowing of the spinal canal are important preexisting factors. In the acute stage MR imaging is useful to understand the level and mechanisms of spinal cord injury. The fact that a significant number of the patients were found to have spinal cord compression despite the absence of bone injuries of the spinal column indicates that future investigations into surgical treatment of this type of injury are necessary.

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Peculiarities of morphogenesis of orbit and organ of vision structures in human fetuses

Bukovinian Medical Herald ◽

10.24061/2413-0737.xxv.1.97.2021.14 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1(97)) ◽

pp. 95-102

Author(s):

A. Tsyhykalo ◽

N. Kozariichuk ◽

K. Yakovets ◽

H. Kulynych

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Lateral Wall ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Facial Skeleton ◽

Intrauterine Development ◽

Fetal Period ◽

Age Related ◽

Human Ontogenesis

The aim of this work is to elucidate the features of morphogenesis, syntopic and morphometric changes in the structures of the orbit, neurovascular and muscular structures of the organ of vision in the fetal period of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. By means of complex of methods of morphological research (anthropometry, morphometry, microscopy, preparation, three-dimensional computer reconstruction and statistical analysis), 30 specimens of human fetuses of both sexes aged from 4 to 10 months of intrauterine development (IUD) (160.0-460.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length (PCL)) were studied. Computer tomography was used to study 17 human fetuses aged from 4 to 9 months of IUD (180.0-440.0 mm PCL).Results. At the end of the 5th month of IUD, an orbital index is 75%, which is noted in the transformation of the shape of orbit from flattened to rounded due to an increase in its vertical size relative to the horizontal one. We associate this transformation of the orbit with syntopic influence of adjacent regions: the growth of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, development of the paranasal sinuses, and facial skeleton. At the end of the 5th week of intrauterine development, external eyeball muscles are finally differentiated from the common muscle rudiment. The analysis of changes in morphometric parameters of muscles of the eyeball made it possible to derive mathematical functions, that describe normal dynamics of growth of their length, as well as to reveal critical periods of their development in terms of the rate of changes in their thickness and width.Conclusions1. The development of the organ of vision in the fetal period of human ontogenesis is a complex process due to the coordinated interaction between morphological and morphometric changes in the orbit, eyeball and its muscles, nerves and vessels.2. Critical periods of development of the orbit and its structures is the 6th month of intrauterine development, during which there is an uneven growth rate of the size of the muscles of the eyeball, as well as the size of the orbit.3. At the 6th month of intrauterine development, uneven growth rates of the horizontal size of the orbit relative to the vertical one are observed, as a result of which its shape begins to return to the mesoconchal type characteristic of such prefetuses. Such age-related transformations of shape and size of the orbit are due to the growth of the eyeball, skull and face, which generally determines the shape of the orbit.4. Starting from the 8th month of fetal period of development, structure and topography of the structures of the orbit acquire signs of a definitive condition, the shape of the orbit is finally established, and uniform growth rates of all structures of the organ of vision are observed, except for the growth of the circumference of the orbit at the end of prenatal period of human ontogenesis.

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