scholarly journals Occurrence of Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera), A New Invasive Pest on Cassava in India and Prospects for its Classical Biological Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
M. Sampathkumar ◽  
M. Mohan ◽  
A. N. Shylesha ◽  
Sunil Joshi ◽  
T. Venkatesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Cassava Mealybug

MELANIZATION OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE PARASITOID, EPIDINOCARSIS LOPEZI (DE SANTIS) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), BY THE CASSAVA MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS MANIHOTI MATILE-FERRERO (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Sullivan ◽  
Peter Neuenschwander
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Defense Reaction ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractThe encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) has been introduced into Africa as a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. This host has a defense reaction against the immature parasitoid that involves encapsulation and melanization. Under laboratory conditions, 37.5% of once-stung cassava mealybugs had been parasitized, as indicated by eggs and larvae of the parasitoid in dissected hosts. Of these parasitized cassava mealybugs, 89.6% contained melanized particles (egg, partially melanized larva, internal host tissues, exoskeleton wound scars). Some of the parasitoid larvae were only partially melanized, and either freed themselves from the melanized capsule or else shed it at the next molt. By the 3rd day of their development only 12.5% were completely melanized. In cassava mealybugs with melanized host tissue but no living parasitoid, the survival of the host was not affected by the melanization. The mealybug itself sometimes shed black particles at the next molt and these were found attached to the cast skins. When superparasitized in the laboratory, 68.6% of twice-stung cassava mealybugs contained parasitoids. Mummies collected from a field experiment showed that melanization rates of mummies increased with increasing parasitization rates. Thus, melanization in the cassava mealybug was commonly triggered when E. lopezi oviposited, but this defense reaction was mostly ineffective, permitting the introduced parasitoid to be a successful biological control agent in Africa against the cassava mealybug, a major pest on this important food crop.

Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1189) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
South America ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Since its accidental introduction into Africa, the cassava mealybug (CM) has spread to about 25 countries. The specific parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi , introduced from South America, its area of origin, into Nigeria in 1981, has since been released in more than 50 sites. By the end of 1986 it was established in 16 countries and more than 750 000 km 2 . In southwestern Nigeria, CM populations declined after two initial releases, and have since remained low. During the same period, populations of indigenous predators of CM , mainly coccinellids, have declined, as have indigenous hyperparasitoids on E. lopezi , because of scarcer hosts. Results from laboratory bionomic studies were incorporated into a simulation model. The model, field studies on population dynamics, and experiments excluding E. lopezi by physical or chemical means demonstrate its efficiency, despite its low reproductive potential.

scholarly journals Two new species of Ooencyrtus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), egg parasitoids of the bagrada bug Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with taxonomic notes on Ooencyrtus telenomicida

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 57-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serguei V. Triapitsyn ◽  
Sharon A. Andreason ◽  
Nancy Power ◽  
Fatemeh Ganjisaffar ◽  
Lucian Fusu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Nuclear Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Pakistani Origin

In support of a biological control program in California, USA, against the bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), an invasive pest of Asian origin, colonies of two species of Ooencyrtus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) are maintained using B. hilaris eggs as host. One of them, Ooencyrtus mirus Triapitsyn & Power, sp. nov., is of Pakistani origin. It displays natural preference for bagrada bug eggs and is being evaluated in quarantine as a candidate for classical biological control. The other, Ooencyrtus lucidus Triapitsyn & Ganjisaffar, sp. nov., appears to be native to California, and we believe it switched to B. hilaris from native pentatomid hosts. Both new species are described and illustrated, as is the Old World species Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev), for which a neotype is designated. The presented morphometric evidence as well as mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data separate Ooencyrtus mirus from O. telenomicida. A lectotype is designated for Ooencyrtus californicus Girault from California, which is morphologically similar to O. lucidus.

scholarly journals Selecting potential nontarget species for host range testing of Eadya paropsidis

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Withers ◽  
G.R. Allen ◽  
C.A.M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Weed Biological Control ◽  
Species List ◽  
Nontarget Species ◽  
Range Testing

Classical biological control is proposed for Paropsis charybdis (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Chrysomelinae) a eucalypt pest established in New Zealand The Australian solitary larval endoparasitoid Eadya paropsidis (Hymenoptera Braconidae) is under investigation A potential nontarget species list was compiled for host range testing There are no endemic species of paropsines in the New Zealand fauna only invasive pest beetles The most closely related endemic beetles to the paropsines are Chrysomelinae in the genera Allocharis Aphilon Caccomolpus Chalcolampra and Cyrtonogetus Little is known about these species New Zealand has also introduced 12 beneficial chrysomelid weed biological control agents which include Chrysomelinae and their sister group the Galerucinae One endemic beetle six beneficial beetles and two pest beetles are listed as the highest priority species for host specificity testing

Analysis of Biological Control of Cassava Pests in Africa. II. Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Gutierrez ◽  
P. Neuenschwander ◽  
F. Schulthess ◽  
H. R. Herren ◽  
J. U. Baumgaertner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Cassava Mealybug

Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zambia

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chakupurakal ◽  
R.H. Markham ◽  
P. Neuenschwander ◽  
M. Sakala ◽  
C. Malambo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Cassava Mealybug

scholarly journals Continental-scale suppression of an invasive pest by a host-specific parasitoid heralds a new era for arthropod biological control

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Wyckhuys ◽  
Prapit Wongtiem ◽  
Aunu Rauf ◽  
Anchana Thancharoen ◽  
George Heimpel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
New Era ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Cassava Crop

Biological control constitutes one of the world’s prime ecosystems services, and can provide long-term and broad-scale suppression of invasive pests, weeds and pathogens in both natural and agricultural environments. Following (very few) widely-documented historic cases that led to sizeable environmental up-sets, the discipline of insect biological control has -over the past three decades- gone through much-needed reform. Now, by deliberately taking into account the ecological risks associated with insect biological control, immense environmental and societal benefits can be gained. In this study, we document and analyze a rare, successful case of biological control against the invasive mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) which invaded Southeast Asia in 2008, where it caused substantial crop losses and triggered 2- to 3-fold surges in agricultural commodity prices. In 2009, the host-specific parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was released in Thailand and subsequently introduced into neighboring Asian countries. Drawing upon continental-scale insect surveys, multi-year population studies and (field-level) experimental assays, we show how A. lopezi attained intermediate to high parasitism rates across diverse agro-ecological contexts. Driving mealybug populations below non-damaging levels at a continental scale, A. lopezi allowed yield recoveries up to 10.0 t/ha and provided biological control services worth several hundred dollars per ha (at local farm-gate prices) in Asia’s 4-million ha cassava crop. Our work provides lessons to invasion science and crop protection worldwide, heralds a new era for insect biological control, and highlights its potentially large socio-economic benefits to agricultural sustainability in the face of a debilitating invasive pest. In times of unrelenting insect invasions, surging pesticide use and accelerating (invertebrate) biodiversity loss across the globe, this study unequivocally demonstrates how biological control – as a pure public good – constitutes a powerful, cost-effective and environmentally-responsible solution for invasive species mitigation.

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