The Lethal Range Testing of Effective 80mm Air to Ground Warhead

The air force is the most important weapon during wars and battles. Through it, armies can control and isolate enemy territory, carry out their own operations and missions, allow for the increased bombing, tactical air support for ground forces, parachuting, airdrops, and the passage of cargo planes. Countries are working to enhance their air force by increasing the number of their aircraft and providing them with the latest modern technologies in monitoring targets, accurate and efficient missiles. This paper will present a completely new design of 80 mm controlled fragmentation warhead for air to surface missile has been designed and tested, the results of the experiment showed a good performance for tactical characteristics such as lethal range which is about 19 meters.

Automated vision screening of children using a mobile graphic device

Background/Objective Can measuring interocular brightness disparity, acuity, and colour vision classify children with amblyopia? Subjects/Methods Two hundred eight subjects (3–14 years) were recruited for a prospective, observational protocol to measure interocular brightness disparity, uniocular acuities with and without a pinhole, and colour vision using an iPad. Subjects looked through polarizing filters and chose the brighter of two spaceships to measure interocular brightness disparity. The differential brightness of image pairs was varied through a staircase algorithm until equal brightness was perceived. Acuities and colour vision were tested with tumbling Es and AO-HRR colour plates, respectively. Unilateral amblyopia was later confirmed in two subjects. Results Binocular brightness balance on the iPad detected amblyopes with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Using 20/30 as cutoff for normal acuity, 1 of the amblyopes was detected, and non-amblyopes were excluded by visual acuity pinhole testing. The mean difference between iPad and E-Chart visual acuities with pinhole was 0.02 logMAR with limits of agreement from −0.08 to +0.11 logMAR. iPad and printed plates Colour vision testing produced identical results. Testing times were brief and exit pleasure responses were positive. Mean and range testing times for Brightness Sense, Colour vision, and Visual Acuity were 32.7 s (range = 12–63 s), 52.8 min (range = 17–95 s), and 88.75 s (range = 41–188 s), respectively. Conclusions Interocular brightness disparity, acuity, and colour vision can be measured in children as young as 3 years old solely through playing a game on a mobile device. Interocular brightness disparity is a sensitive and specific method to detect unilateral amblyopia.

Ballistic Range Testing Data Analysis of Tianwen-1 Mars Entry Capsule

A typical blunt body such as Tianwen-1 Mars entry capsule suffers dynamic instability in supersonic regime. To investigate the unstable Mach range of flight and to confirm the design of aerodynamic shape and mass properties, a ballistic range test was carried out aiming at capturing supersonic dynamic characteristics of Tianwen-1. Aerodynamic coefficients of free-flight scaled models were derived by modified linear regression method based on position and attitude data, while the dynamic coefficients were established under the assumption of small angle linearization. The static moment coefficients and dynamic derivatives were identified thereafter. Results show that models in untrimmed configuration are dynamically unstable at certain Mach numbers, whereas models in trimmed configuration are dynamically stable at other Mach numbers tested. Both trimmed and untrimmed configurations are statically stable in all testing cases.

Genomic Characterization of a Prophage, Smhb1, That Infects Salinivibrio kushneri BNH Isolated from a Namib Desert Saline Spring

Recent years have seen the classification and reclassification of many viruses related to the model enterobacterial phage P2. Here, we report the identification of a prophage (Smhb1) that infects Salinivibrio kushneri BNH isolated from a Namib Desert salt pan (playa). Analysis of the genome revealed that it showed the greatest similarity to P2-like phages that infect Vibrio species and showed no relation to any of the previously described Salinivibrio-infecting phages. Despite being distantly related to these Vibrio infecting phages and sharing the same modular gene arrangement as seen in most P2-like viruses, the nucleotide identity to its closest relatives suggest that, for now, Smhb1 is the lone member of the Peduovirus genus Playavirus. Although host range testing was not extensive and no secondary host could be identified for Smhb1, genomic evidence suggests that the phage is capable of infecting other Salinivibrio species, including Salinivibrio proteolyticus DV isolated from the same playa. Taken together, the analysis presented here demonstrates how adaptable the P2 phage model can be.

Detection range and efficiency of acoustic telemetry receivers in a connected wetland system

Acoustic telemetry is an important tool for assessing the behavioural ecology of aquatic animals, but the performance of receivers can vary spatially and temporally according to changes in environmental gradients. Studies testing detection efficiency and/ or detection range are, therefore, important for data interpretation, although the most thorough range-testing approaches are often costly or impractical, such as the use of fixed sentinel tags. Here, stationary tag data (from study animals that had either died or expelled their tags) provided a substitute for the long-term monitoring of receiver performance in a wetland environment and was complemented by periodic boat-based range testing, with testing of the effects of environmental variables (water temperature, conductivity, transparency, precipitation, wind speed, acoustic noise) on detection efficiency (DE) and detection range (DR). Stationary tag DE was highly variable temporally, the most influential factors being water temperature and precipitation. Transparency was a strong predictor of DR and was dependent on chlorophyll concentration (a surrogate measure of algal density). These results highlight the value of stationary tag data in assessments of acoustic receiver performance. The high seasonal variability in DE and DR emphasises the need for long-term receiver monitoring to enable robust conclusions to be drawn from telemetry data.

Identification and Efforts to Control Infection Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) on Orchid

Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) is a orchid virus which infection most widely reported and has spread widely in the world, including in Indonesia. Viral infections can degrade the quality of the orchid plant so it is economically detrimental. To study a disease infection, identification is carried out first to determine the most appropriate method of control. These identification techniques include variations in infection symptoms, host range testing, testing of viral titers, observation of particle morphology, genome detection, and analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences. Efforts to control disease can be done through preventive and eradicative actions chemically, biologically, and based on artificial intelligence.

Outcome Measures for Core Symptoms of Intellectual Disability: State of the Field

Intellectual disability (ID) is defined by impairments in intellectual and adaptive functioning. As such, tools designed to assess these domains would theoretically be ideal outcome measures for treatment trials targeting core symptoms of ID. However, measures of intellectual and adaptive functioning have rarely been used as primary outcome measures to date and further study is needed regarding their usefulness to measure change. This area of inquiry is important because promising, mechanism-modifying treatments for conditions leading to ID are being initiated. To show efficacy, these treatments need to demonstrate an impact on core features of ID. After reviewing literature on this topic, we suggest solutions to several problems outlined, including use of out-of-age-range testing, alternative metrics, and development of new measures.

Speed of sound gradients due to summer thermal stratification can reduce the detection range of acoustic fish tags: results from a field study in Hamilton Harbour, Ontario.

Understanding detection range is a key factor for the use of acoustic telemetry in fisheries research. Lakes have strong seasonal changes in thermal stratification, as well as short-term changes due to internal seiches. These thermal gradients in lakes imply strong sound-speed gradients that can refract and diverge acoustic signals, leading to acoustic attenuation and smaller detection range. Using field-based range testing and the Bellhop acoustic model, we investigated how changes in stratification lead to changes in detection range within Hamilton Harbour, Ontario, Canada. During the summer stratified period, the detection range was less than 350 m, whereas in the isothermal fall, range was up to 500 m. Range test data from three separate field observations showed a good correlation with Bellhop predictions. Due to the intense internal seiches in Hamilton Harbour, the stratification in the shallower littoral regions essentially switched between stratified and isothermal conditions over short timescales, which is predicted to lead to high temporal variability in detection range that must be accounted for during the analysis and interpretation of telemetry derived data.

Who Hath Measured the (Proving) Ground: Variation in Offensive Capabilities Test and Evaluation

Multiple recent high-profile cyber intrusion and attack incidents have demonstrated serious weaponeering failures in which offensive tooling has not performed as the operators, planners, and designers had likely anticipated, leading to detection, degraded mission outcomes, and political blowback. These failures may be evaluated as resulting from multiple factors, in part through engineering errors introduced within the development lifecycle, as well as from immature command & control (C2), planning and the operational oversight processes. These cases suggest that despite the different identified failure modes in capabilities generation and employment, a common root cause of operational blunders may be identified in the lack of effective controlled range testing of exploit and implant capabilities packages prior to fielding and use in the wild. Observed evidence to date strongly indicates multiple intrusion sets pursue only limited—and in some case—no validation measures prior to executing live fires against target systems and networks. We seek to describe and explain apparent variations in adoption of munitions effectiveness testing for cyberweapons. We examine requirements, objectives, and benefits of capabilities validation efforts, balanced against resource investment, organizational integration, process agility, operational responsiveness, and other costs. We propose a model for analysis of mission assurance contributions provided by the cyber proving ground and consider this model in light of specific observed adversary behaviors indicating programmatic practices. We further explore the implications for the employment of such validation measures as a fundamental element of developing norms for responsible state cyber operations. Paper presented at the 15th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security (ICCWS 2020). Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. 12-13 March 2020.

Detection Range of Acoustic Receivers in a Large Hydropower Reservoir

Acoustic telemetry manufacturers report estimated detection ranges under idealized conditions, but environmental conditions such as water depth, substrate type, and turbulence can affect the range of reliable detection. Range testing of low (Vemco V7 136 dB re 1µPa@1m) and high power (V13 147 dB re 1µPa@1m) acoustic transmitters (tags) was performed near a hydropower generating station and its associated reservoir using both active (mobile; VR100) and passive (stationary; VR2W/VR2Tx) receivers. Low power tags are typically used to track small fish such as juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), whereas high power tags are typically used to track larger fish such as adult salmon. The results found herein were applied to concurrent salmon telemetry studies. Detection ranges of the low power tags were within 246–351 ± 20–70 m (mean ± SE), and the high power tags were within 537–1106 ± 53–272 m. Observed detection ranges were comparable or higher to manufacturer estimates for both tag types being detected by passive receivers, and were lower than expected for both tag types being detected by active receivers. Passive receivers were further tested by mooring a fixed sentinel tag (low power) on a receiver line at the hydropower site for 50 days. The sentinel tag detection range of 212 m was less than the expected range of 280–292 m, and was not found to be significantly impacted by wind speed. There was evidence of a hydropower effect on detection probability (up to 95% reduction) of both tag types for the active receiver, and detection ranges were significantly lower at the hydropower site than the reservoir site for the high power tag. The results of this study give insight to the initial design of acoustic telemetry studies beyond what can be gathered from manufacturer’s estimates, but rather near hydropower facilities and within large reservoirs; however, detection ranges reported herein do not replace the importance of range testing in site-specific conditions.