Research Progress in Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Substances Derived from Marine Microorganisms, Sponges, Algae, and Corals

Inflammation is the body’s defense reaction in response to stimulations and is the basis of various physiological and pathological processes. However, chronic inflammation is undesirable and closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases. The ocean gives birth to unique and diverse bioactive substances, which have gained special attention and been a focus for anti-inflammatory drug development. So far, numerous promising bioactive substances have been obtained from various marine organisms such as marine bacteria and fungi, sponges, algae, and coral. This review covers 71 bioactive substances described during 2015–2020, including the structures (65 of which), species sources, evaluation models and anti-inflammatory activities of these substances. This review aims to provide some reference for the research progress of marine-organism-derived anti-inflammatory metabolites and give more research impetus for their conversion to novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Production of Defense Phenolics in Tomato Leaves of Different Age

Phenolics play an essential role in the defense reaction of crop plants against pathogens. However, the intensity of their production induced by infection may differ during the life of a plant. Here, we identified age-related differences in phenolic biosynthesis in the pathosystem Solanum lycopersicum cv. Amateur and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. We analyzed concentrations of total phenolics, phenolic profiles, and concentrations of selected phenolic acids. The influence of bacterial infection, together with leaf and plant age, was assessed. The changes in concentrations of caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid glucoside caused by infection were found to be influenced by age. In concrete, the increases in the concentrations of these metabolites were all evident only in young plants.

Ralstonia solanacearum elicitor RipX Induces Defense Reaction by Suppressing the Mitochondrial atpA Gene in Host Plant

RipX of Ralstonia solanacearum is translocated into host cells by a type III secretion system and acts as a harpin-like protein to induce a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. The molecular events in association with RipX-induced signaling transduction have not been fully elucidated. This work reports that transient expression of RipX induced a yellowing phenotype in Nicotiana benthamiana, coupled with activation of the defense reaction. Using yeast two-hybrid and split-luciferase complementation assays, mitochondrial ATP synthase F1 subunit α (ATPA) was identified as an interaction partner of RipX from N. benthamiana. Although a certain proportion was found in mitochondria, the YFP-ATPA fusion was able to localize to the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. RFP-RipX fusion was found from the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Moreover, ATPA interacted with RipX at both the cell membrane and cytoplasm in vivo. Silencing of the atpA gene had no effect on the appearance of yellowing phenotype induced by RipX. However, the silenced plants improved the resistance to R. solanacearum. Moreover, qRT-PCR and promoter GUS fusion experiments revealed that the transcript levels of atpA were evidently reduced in response to expression of RipX. These data demonstrated that RipX exerts a suppressive effect on the transcription of atpA gene, to induce defense reaction in N. benthamiana.

IDENTIFIKASI PATOGEN PENYEBAB BUSUK BATANG PADA BIBIT EUCALYPTUS PELLITA DI PERSEMAIAN

The pathogen attacks the host plant in various ways to obtain the food substance needed by the host pathogen. To get into the host pathogen is able to break the host's defense reaction. The aim of the study was to know the symptoms and signs of stem rot disease in E. pellita in the nursery. In addition, also to determine the frequency and intensity of rodent pathogen attack in plant seeds E. pellita from shoot cuttings. Research in the nursery begins by determining the sample of plant seeds to be observed. Seed determination is done by census. Seedlings consisted of 120 plants in a plastic rack that was repeated as many as 3 replications so that the total number of seedlings observed was 120 plant seed x 3 replicates x 4 families = 1.440 plant seeds. The pathogen that causes stem rot on E. pellita seed is Fusarium sp which is transmitted through soil.

IDENTIFIKASI PATOGEN PENYEBAB BUSUK BATANG PADA BIBIT EUCALYPTUS PELLITA DI PERSEMAIAN

The pathogen attacks the host plant in various ways to obtain the food substance needed by the host pathogen. To get into the host pathogen is able to break the host's defense reaction. The aim of the study was to know the symptoms and signs of stem rot disease in E. pellita in the nursery. In addition, also to determine the frequency and intensity of rodent pathogen attack in plant seeds E. pellita from shoot cuttings. Research in the nursery begins by determining the sample of plant seeds to be observed. Seed determination is done by census. Seedlings consisted of 120 plants in a plastic rack that was repeated as many as 3 replications so that the total number of seedlings observed was 120 plant seed x 3 replicates x 4 families = 1.440 plant seeds. The pathogen that causes stem rot on E. pellita seed is Fusarium sp which is transmitted through soil.

MACROPRUDENTIAL REGULATION IN COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: EXPERIENCE OF FINANCIAL IMBALANCES, PROACTIVITY OR PROTECTIVE REACTION

Is experience of financial imbalances driving intensity of macroprudential policy instruments use? Theoretically - yes, because they support to diminish conflict between price, exchange rate and financial stability. In the same time CEE countries demonstrate more complicated picture. Such countries experienced strong structural determined vulnerability to financial imbalances accumulation. The scale of correction of such imbalances also was tremendous. But empirical analysis doesn’t show that experience of imbalances is a driving force of more intensive use of macroprudential policy instruments. Results of regression analysis based on 18 CEE countries shows that such countries are likely to divide on two groups: those there macroprudential policy is complimenting active structural reforming, and those there such policy is looked like defense reaction on challenges related to general structural weakness.