scholarly journals Physiological role of aldosterone in pregnancy, importance of correction in pathological conditions. What is known about pharmacological targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
V. A. Karabeshkina ◽  
V. V. Ishkaraeva ◽  
I. E. Zazerskaya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Placental Perfusion ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
In Pregnancy

Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticosteroid hormone of the human adrenal cortex. It plays a key role in the regulation of kidney and cardiovascular function. Its role especially increases in the adaptation of the woman’s body during pregnancy, and consists in maintaining the balance of electrolytes, blood pressure, ensuring sufficient trophoblast invasion and adequate placental perfusion. This article describes the mechanism of synthesis and action of aldosterone, its biological role and place in the structure of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). A special place is given to aldosterone in maintaining hemodynamics during physiological pregnancy, and to violations of the RAAS, as a key to understanding the links in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Role of the medulla oblongata in normal and high arterial blood pressure regulation: the contribution of Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio L. Cravo ◽  
Ruy R. Campos ◽  
Eduardo Colombari ◽  
Mônica A. Sato ◽  
Cássia M. Bergamaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Ventrolateral Medulla ◽  
Vasomotor Tone ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
De Medicina

Several forms of experimental evidence gathered in the last 37 years have unequivocally established that the medulla oblongata harbors the main neural circuits responsible for generating the vasomotor tone and regulating arterial blood pressure. Our current understanding of this circuitry derives mainly from the studies of Pedro Guertzenstein, a former student who became Professor of Physiology at UNIFESP later, and his colleagues. In this review, we have summarized the main findings as well as our collaboration to a further understanding of the ventrolateral medulla and the control of arterial blood pressure under normal and pathological conditions.

scholarly journals Presynaptic AMPA Receptors in Health and Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2260
Author(s):  
Letizia Zanetti ◽  
Maria Regoni ◽  
Elena Ratti ◽  
Flavia Valtorta ◽  
Jenny Sassone
Keyword(s):  
Ampa Receptors ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Actin Dynamics ◽  
Axonal Pathology ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pain Transmission ◽  
Pharmacological Targets ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmission

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that play a major role in excitatory neurotransmission. AMPARs are located at both presynaptic and postsynaptic plasma membranes. A huge number of studies investigated the role of postsynaptic AMPARs in the normal and abnormal functioning of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). These studies highlighted that changes in the functional properties or abundance of postsynaptic AMPARs are major mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity phenomena, providing molecular explanations for the processes of learning and memory. Conversely, the role of AMPARs at presynaptic terminals is as yet poorly clarified. Accruing evidence demonstrates that presynaptic AMPARs can modulate the release of various neurotransmitters. Recent studies also suggest that presynaptic AMPARs may possess double ionotropic-metabotropic features and that they are involved in the local regulation of actin dynamics in both dendritic and axonal compartments. In addition, evidence suggests a key role of presynaptic AMPARs in axonal pathology, in regulation of pain transmission and in the physiology of the auditory system. Thus, it appears that presynaptic AMPARs play an important modulatory role in nerve terminal activity, making them attractive as novel pharmacological targets for a variety of pathological conditions.

MYOSTATIN - A MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES

2021 ◽  
pp. 701-706
Author(s):  
А.А. Газданова ◽  
В.Г. Кукес ◽  
О.К. Парфенова ◽  
Н.Г. Сидоров ◽  
А.В. Перков ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Transforming Growth Factors ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
The Family

Миостатин - белок, принадлежащий к классу миокинов, семейству трансформирующих факторов роста β (TGF-β). В обзорной статье, анализирующей данные литературы, показана ключевая роль миостатина в развитии старческой саркопении и кахексии при различных патологических состояниях, таких как рак, ХСН, ХБП, ХОБЛ и др. В статье рассматривается структура миостатина, подробная схема синтеза и его активации, механизм действия как негативного регулятора роста и дифференцировки мышц при этих патологических состояниях. Выделены основные физиологические свойства и клиническое значение. Рассмотрены экзогенные и эндогенные факторы, регулирующие экспрессию миостатина, и возможные механизмы их действия. Myostatin is a protein belonging to the myokine class, the family of transforming growth factors β (TGF-β). The review article, based on the analysis of literature data, shows the key role of myostatin in the development of senile sarcopenia and cachexia in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, chronic heart failure, chronic renal failure, COPD, etc. The article discusses the structure of myostatin, provides a detailed diagram of the synthesis and activation of myostatin, the ways of implementing the mechanism of action as a negative regulator of muscle growth and differentiation in these pathological conditions. The main physiological properties and clinical significance are highlighted. Exogenous and endogenous factors regulating myostatin expression and possible mechanisms of their action are considered.

scholarly journals Update in TSH Receptor Agonists and Antagonists

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 4287-4292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin C. Gershengorn ◽  
Susanne Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Tsh Receptor ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Inverse Agonists ◽  
Small Molecule Drug ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Receptor Agonists And Antagonists

The physiological role of the TSH receptor (TSHR) as a major regulator of thyroid function is well understood, but TSHRs are also expressed in multiple normal extrathyroidal tissues, and the physiological roles of TSHRs in these tissues are unclear. Moreover, TSHRs play a major role in several pathological conditions including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid tumors. Small molecule, “drug-like” TSHR agonists, neutral antagonists, and inverse agonists may be useful as probes of TSHR function in extrathyroidal tissues and as leads to develop drugs for several diseases of the thyroid. In this Update, we review the most recent findings regarding the development and use of these small molecule TSHR ligands.

Acromegaly and hypertension: role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt E. Karlberg ◽  
Anna-Maria Ottosson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Volume Factor ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Before And After

Abstract. The incidence of arterial hypertension was evaluated in a partly retrospective study of patients with active acromegaly. Of 37 patients studied, 18 (48%) had hypertension, i.e. a supine blood pressure of > 160/95 mmHg. The type of hypertension was explored further by measuring plasma renin activity and, in some patients plasma aldosterone concentrations before and after stimulation (upright posture or furosemide 80 mg given orally). Urinary 24 h excretion of aldosterone was also determined. About half of the patients with hypertension but also a substantial part of normotensive acromegalics had inappropriately low plasma renin levels both during basal conditions and after stimulation. On the other hand urinary aldosterone excretion was either normal or (in 2 patients) slightly elevated. There was no other evidence of coexistent primary aldosteronism. Our results confirm previous reports of a high frequency of alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acromegalic patients with growth hormone excess which in some instances may lead to an elevated blood pressure. The biochemical changes have many similarities to low renin essential hypertension. A volume factor may be operating in acromegalic patients with hypertension since in 10 patients treatment with the aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, with doses between 50–200 mg daily lowered blood pressure to near normal levels. Thus, spironolactone seems to be a worthwhile alternative in the treatment of hypertensive acromegalics.

scholarly journals Effects of adiponectin on human trophoblast invasion

2010 ◽  
Vol 207 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Benaitreau ◽  
Esther Dos Santos ◽  
Marie-Christine Leneveu ◽  
Nadia Alfaidy ◽  
Jean-Jacques Feige ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Trimester ◽  
Extravillous Trophoblast ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Human Trophoblast ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
Insight Into

Adiponectin is an adipokine with insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-proliferative effects. The expression of specific adiponectin receptors in the placenta and in the endometrium suggests a role for this cytokine in placental development, but this role has not yet been elucidated. The invasion of trophoblast cells during the first trimester of pregnancy being crucial to placentation process, we have studied adiponectin effects on human trophoblast invasive capacities. We found that adiponectin stimulated human trophoblast cell migration in HTR-8/SVneo cells in a dose-independent manner. In addition, adiponectin also significantly enhanced invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells and of human extravillous trophoblast from first trimester placenta. These pro-invasive effects of adiponectin in human trophoblasts seem to be mediated in part via increased matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9) activities and via repression of TIMP2 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that adiponectin could be a positive regulator of the early invasion process by modulating the MMP/TIMP balance. Moreover, these results provide an insight into the role of adiponectin in pathological conditions characterized by insufficient or excessive trophoblast invasion.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pregnancy

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H Shennan ◽  
Aidan WF Halligan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitors ◽  
In Pregnancy

The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remain a significant problem in antenatal care. The measurement of blood pressure in pregnancy is fundamental in diagnosing and managing these conditions. The introduction of technology in the form of ambulatory automated blood pressure monitors has allowed multiple, standardised measurements to be made away from the clinical environment, and has addressed many of the errors associated with conventional sphygmomanometry. This article explores the potential role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pregnancy.

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