MYOSTATIN - A MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGE-ASSOCIATED DISEASES

Миостатин - белок, принадлежащий к классу миокинов, семейству трансформирующих факторов роста β (TGF-β). В обзорной статье, анализирующей данные литературы, показана ключевая роль миостатина в развитии старческой саркопении и кахексии при различных патологических состояниях, таких как рак, ХСН, ХБП, ХОБЛ и др. В статье рассматривается структура миостатина, подробная схема синтеза и его активации, механизм действия как негативного регулятора роста и дифференцировки мышц при этих патологических состояниях. Выделены основные физиологические свойства и клиническое значение. Рассмотрены экзогенные и эндогенные факторы, регулирующие экспрессию миостатина, и возможные механизмы их действия. Myostatin is a protein belonging to the myokine class, the family of transforming growth factors β (TGF-β). The review article, based on the analysis of literature data, shows the key role of myostatin in the development of senile sarcopenia and cachexia in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, chronic heart failure, chronic renal failure, COPD, etc. The article discusses the structure of myostatin, provides a detailed diagram of the synthesis and activation of myostatin, the ways of implementing the mechanism of action as a negative regulator of muscle growth and differentiation in these pathological conditions. The main physiological properties and clinical significance are highlighted. Exogenous and endogenous factors regulating myostatin expression and possible mechanisms of their action are considered.

TGF-β2 Levels in the Aqueous Humor are Elevated in the Second Eye of High Myopia Within Two Weeks After Sequential Cataract Surgery

Purpose: To evaluate the level of transforming growth factors (TGFs) in the aqueous humor (AH) in the second eye of highly myopic cataract patients after receiving sequential cataract surgery and to study the correction between TGFs and axial length (AL) in myopic eyes.Methods: The study included 13 patients (26 eyes) with high myopia with cataracts and 10 non-myopic patients (10 eyes) with cataracts. AH samples were used to detect the levels of TGF-β1, 2, and 3 in both groups. An array was used for verification of TGF-β expression in AH samples obtained from 26 eyes of highly myopic patients with cataracts and 10 eyes of non-myopic patients with cataracts. According to AL, the samples were divided into three groups: A (AL<28 mm), B (AL=28-31 mm), and C (AL>31 mm).Results: The level of TGF-β2 in the AH sample of the second eye was significantly higher than that in the first eye in high myopia cataract patients (p=0.0147). Compared with the non-myopic cataracts patient group, the highly myopic cataracts group had a significantly higher TGF-β2 concentration in the AH in the second eye (p=0.0156). Both TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 were expressed at low levels and had no difference between the two groups. Axial elongation in high myopia did not show a correlation with the AH concentration of TGF-β2 levels.Conclusions: In patients with high myopia undergoing sequential cataract surgery, the AH of the second-surgery eye had a higher level of TGF-β2 than that of the first-surgery eye, and it also had a significantly higher TGF-β2 concentration than that of the control eye. This implies that high myopia could cause changes in the microenvironment of the eyes, and a protective mechanism was created to prevent the second eye from undergoing a sympathetic immune response.

PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN THE PROMOTION OF GENE THERAPY AUXILIARY EFFECT

ABSTRACT Introduction: In recent years, genetic engineering has made outstanding contributions to sports, and it has played a huge role in promoting the development of sports-related fields. Objective: We analyze the tissue source of bone growth and healing by studying the role of bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factors in fracture injuries caused by sports. Methods: We established a human fracture model to express the shape and content of bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor during fracture healing. Results: In the fracture healing stage caused by different sports, the expression levels of the two genes are different. Bone morphogenetic protein has a high content in the osteogenesis stage of the membrane, while transforming growth factor is high in the cartilage ossification stage. Conclusion: Gene therapy for fractures caused by physical exercise has certain advantages. Osteoblasts and chondrocytes are involved in the synthesis of transforming growth factors. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

The role of il-6 and the system of transforming growth factors in the progression of glaucoma

.

EKSPRESI Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) DAN Transforming growth factors beta (TGF-β) PADA PERIODONTITIS APIKALIS KRONIS AKIBAT INDUKSI Enterococcus faecalis PADA TIKUS WISTAR

Background. Root canal treatment is a main role in decreasing infection from root canal and pulp. The main cause of periapical damage mostly are bacteries. E.faecalis is a bactery that is found as an etiology of endodontic treatment failure. Cell wall of this bacteria is containing Lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LTA can penetrate into the periradicular tissue, act as endotoxin in host and cause periradicular inflammation then lead to bone destruction. LTA stimulates immunology reaction that produce Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) and Transforming growth factors beta (TGF-ß). TNF-α is a main mediator and also have an important role in inflamation response otherwise TGF-ß is working as a multifunction regulator of cell growth and differentiation during reforming and remodelling. Purpose. The aim of this study is to know about the expression of TNF-α and TGF-ß during the periapical tissue damage due to induction of E.faecalis. Method. This study used laboratory experimental with the post test only control group design. A total of 30 male rats were randomly divided into 3 main groups, Group A (control negative) : normal tooth. Group B (control positive) : every tooth was induced only by sterile BHI-b. Group C (treated group) : every tooth was induced by 10 μl BHI-b E.faecalis ATCC212(106 CFU). The animals were sacrificed 21 days later and prepared for histological examination of tissue damage, then we did the immunohistochemistry followed by calculation on the light microscope. Result. The analysis revealed that the expression of TNF-α at treated group are higher than negative control and positive control but the expression of TGF-ß at treated group are higher than the negative control group but lower than positive control. Conclusion. From this study we know that the expression of TNF-α and TGF-ß are changing during the periapical tissue damage that induced by E.faecalis.

The Controversial Role of TGF-β in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathogenesis

The multifunctional transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-βs) have been extensively studied regarding their role in the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), a major cause of severe visual loss in the elderly in developed countries. Despite this, their effect remains somewhat controversial. Indeed, both pro- and antiangiogenic activities have been suggested for TGF-β signaling in the development and progression of nAMD, and opposite therapies have been proposed targeting the inhibition or activation of the TGF-β pathway. The present article summarizes the current literature linking TGF-β and nAMD, and reviews experimental data supporting both pro- and antiangiogenic hypotheses, taking into account the limitations of the experimental approaches.