scholarly journals Human Capital Constraints, Spatial Dependence, and Regionalization in Bolivia: A Spatial Clustering Approach

Economía ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (87) ◽  
pp. 115-145
Author(s):  
Carlos Mendez ◽  
Erick Gonzales
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Capital Constraints ◽  
Clustering Approach ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Spanish Speaking Population

Using a novel dataset, this article studies the spatial distribution of human capital constraints across 339 municipalities in Bolivia. In particular, five human capital constraints are evaluated: chronic malnutrition in children, non-Spanish speaking population, secondary dropout rate of males, secondary dropout rates of females, and inequality in years of education. Through the lens of principal components, spatial dependence, and regionalization methods, the municipalities are endogenously classified according to their similarity in human capital constraints and geographical location. Results from the spatial dependence analysis indicate the specific location of significant hot spots (high-value clusters) and cold spots (low-value clusters). A regionalization analysis of the constraints indicates that Bolivia can be regionalized into seven or eight geographical regions. The article concludes discussing the potential complementary of these two analyses and their usefulness in identifying the location of policy priorities.

The prediction of aquifer groundwater level based on spatial clustering approach using machine learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Kardan Moghaddam ◽  
Sami Ghordoyee Milan ◽  
Zahra Kayhomayoon ◽  
Zahra Rahimzadeh kivi ◽  
Naser Arya Azar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Clustering Approach

scholarly journals Relationships of Hydrological Seasons in Rivers and Groundwaters in Selected Catchments in Poland

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Przemysław Tomalski ◽  
Edmund Tomaszewski ◽  
Dariusz Wrzesiński ◽  
Leszek Sobkowiak
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
New Variables ◽  
Mixed Types

The study applied the method of hydrological season identification in a time series of river total and base flows and in groundwater levels. The analysis covered a series of daily measurements from the period 2008–2017 in nine catchments located in different geographical regions of Poland. The basis of the classification of hydrological seasons, previously applied for river discharges only, was the transformation of the original variables into a series reflecting three statistical features estimated for single-name days of a year from a multiyear: average value, variation coefficient, and autocorrelation coefficient. New variables were standardized and after hierarchical clustering, every day of a year had a defined type, valorizing three features which refer to quantity, variability, and the stochastic nature of total and base river flow as well as groundwater stage. Finally, sequences of days were grouped into basic (homogenous) seasons of different types and transitional seasons including mixed types of days. Analysis indicated determinants of types, length, and frequency of identified hydrological seasons especially related to river regime, hydrogeological and hydrometeorological conditions as well as physiographical background were directly influenced by geographical location. Analysis of the co-occurrence of the same types of hydrological seasons allowed, in some catchments, periods of synchronic alimentation (groundwater and base flow, mainly in the cold half-year) and water shortages (all three components, mainly in the warm half-year) to be identified.

Growth and Nodulation of Provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Inoculated With a Range of Frankia Sources

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
AI Fleming ◽  
ER Williams ◽  
JW Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Casuarina Cunninghamiana ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Major River ◽  
Shoot Weight

Seed and root nodules (for use as a Frankia inoculum) collected from 18 provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. were used in a complete cross-inoculation experiment conducted in a glasshouse. The provenances covered the geographical range of the species and represented major river systems. They were arranged a priori into five groups according to geographical location. Seventeen of the inocula were effective on seed from all provenances; one inoculum failed to nodulate seedlings from any provenance. Inoculum source, seed source and their interaction all affected plant growth. Greatest shoot weight was obtained with seed and inoculum combinations from similar geographical regions, particularly northern inocula with northern seed sources and southern inocula with southern seed sources. When averaged over all seed sources northern inocula were the most generally effective in promoting plant growth. In contrast, when averaged over all inoculum sources, southern seed sources grew best. These results demonstrate the potential for improving the effectiveness of the C. cunninghamiana-Frankia association in forestry by selection of the symbiotic partners.

The Price Elasticity of Cigarettes: New Evidence From Spanish Regions, 2002–2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Almeida ◽  
Antonio A Golpe ◽  
Jesús Iglesias ◽  
Juan Manuel Martín Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Temporal Dimension

Abstract Introduction There is an agreement in the literature that tobacco price elasticity is around −0.4 for given location. Furthermore, works only focus separately, on the temporal dimension or the spatial dimension, however, there are studies that show the existence of spillovers between different geographical areas due to the spatial dependence in tobacco consumption. The novelty of this study is the measurement of the effect that neighboring regions have on the price elasticity of cigarettes. Aims and Methods This study simultaneously analyzed, first, a dynamic spatial model used to measure the price elasticity of cigarettes in the short term and long term of the 47 provinces that make up the Spanish territory, detailing the influence of neighbors. Second, given the spatial arrangement of the elasticities observed in the provinces, we can detect behaviors typical of large-scale illicit trade and cross-border purchasing since geographical location can be an important factor in smuggling, and politicians should take this into account when making price policies. Results Results reveal that the consumption of the regions is influenced by the consumption of the neighboring regions in the same period. The price elasticity of cigarettes in the long term exceeds in many cases, in absolute value, unity. This result is novel because tobacco has historically been treated as an inelastic demand good. Finally, we found that the regions that are most sensitive to price are those bordering France and Gibraltar or tourist regions, demonstrating the effect that smuggling has on the behavior of the regions. Conclusions These results are important because the price in Spain is set by the central government and fiscal policies regarding the price of tobacco can have different effects in different regions. This study has shown that the consumption of cigarettes is influenced by the neighboring regions and also measured different sensitivities for each region. Regional cooperation in tobacco control policies may have better effects than the elaborated policies based on historical information. Implications Policy makers should consider that tobacco could be an elastic good in the long term and that cooperation between countries in terms of price differential should be taken to avoid tobacco smuggling. The allocation of resources to control smoking should consider the special dependence shown in this report. Also, academics should account for spatial dependence to measure tobacco consumption instead of temporal analysis.

A SPATIAL CLUSTERING APPROACH TO IDENTIFY RISK AREAS OF DENGUE INFECTION AFTER INSECTICIDE SPRAYING

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Napadol Sudsom ◽  
Suwich Thammapalo ◽  
Theerakamol Pengsakul ◽  
Kuaanan Techato
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Dengue Vector ◽  
Dengue Virus Infection ◽  
Spatial Analyst ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Clustering Approach

This study aims to demonstrate a spatial clustering approach for identifying risk households of dengue virus infection during the period of insecticide spraying-ultra low volume (ULV). All households located within 100 m radius of spraying area were recorded with geographic coordinates and divide into three groups of spraying (unsprayed, only outdoor and indoor plus outdoor sprayed house). A total of 45 households with geographic coordinates, were randomly selected to monitor ovitrap index, the percentage of positive ovitraps and the number of eggs per trap, in pre- and post-ULV spraying. Application of spatial analyst tools and spatial statistics tools in ArcGIS 10.1 were used to determine mosquito density and identify risk households using ovitrap index. The prediction maps of Aedes aegypti vector abundance were illustrated by kriging technique. Base on the results, the cluster of Ae. aegypti populations were detected on four day after the spraying. This finding shows the significant spatial pattern of dengue vector populations which may cause high risk areas of dengue virus infection after insecticide treatment. This methodological framework could be used for improving the strategy of dengue vector and outbreak control. The spatial association between dengue vector and the coverage of space spraying requires further study.

Towards retrieving social events from spatio-temporal photo annotation

First Monday ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davi Oliveira Serrano De Andrade ◽  
Anderson Almeida Firmino ◽  
Cláudio de Souza Baptista ◽  
Hugo Feitosa De Figueirêdo
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Spatial Clusters ◽  
Public Database ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Clustering Approach ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Event Annotation ◽  
Photo Annotation

An event can be defined as a happening that gathers people with some common goal over a period of time and in a certain place. This paper presents a new method to retrieve social events through annotations in spatio-temporal photo collections, known as STEve-PR (Spatio-Temporal EVEnt Photo Retrieval). The proposed technique uses a clustering algorithm to gather similar photos by considering the location, date and time of the photos. The STEve-PR clustering approach clusters photos belonging to the same event. STEve-PR uses spatial clusters created to propagate event annotation between photos in the same cluster and employs TF-IDF similarity between tags to find the spatial cluster with the highest similarity for photos without a geographical location. We evaluated our approach on a public database.

scholarly journals Analysis of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 subtypes in EBV-associated lymphomas from Brazil and the United Kingdom

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 2741-2745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane MacKenzie ◽  
Diane Gray ◽  
Roberto Pinto-Paes ◽  
Luis F. M. Barrezueta ◽  
Alison A. Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Epstein Barr

EBNA-1 is the only viral protein consistently expressed in all cells latently infected by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). There is a high frequency of sequence variation within functionally important domains of EBNA-1, with five subtypes identified. Individuals may be infected with multiple EBV strains (classified according to EBNA-1 subtype), but Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) tumours carry a single subtype and exhibit some subtype preference. Subtype variation has also been related to geographical location. In the present study EBNA-1 polymorphisms were examined in a series of haematological malignancies from two distinct geographical regions, Brazil and the United Kingdom. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the carboxy-terminal region of EBNA-1 in 34 cases revealed six distinct sequences, some of which are novel. A new subtype, named V-Ala, was identified. EBNA-1 subtype in tumours differed markedly according to geographical location. In contrast to previous studies, we found evidence of EBNA-1 sequence variation within individual BL tumour samples.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 936
Author(s):  
Hazrina Ab Hadi ◽  
Aine Inani Tarmizi ◽  
Kamarul Ariffin Khalid ◽  
Márió Gajdács ◽  
Adeel Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
Geographical Regions

The global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the current decade (2009–2019) has not been extensively reported. Epidemiological studies play an important role in presenting the risk factors of AD, as detailed prevalence and incidence data could demonstrate the burden of disease in the population of adults, adolescents, and children in different geographical regions. Thus, the primary objective of this review was to assess and summarize the epidemiological studies of the prevalence and incidence of AD in different age groups, focusing on data from studies published for 2009 to 2019. After a thorough literature search, six countries were identified from African, Asian, and European regions respectively, who published studies on AD. In contrast, only two studies were identified from Australia and New Zealand, three countries from North America and two from South America published AD studies, respectively. The highest prevalence of AD from included studies was noted among Swedish children with 34%, while the lowest prevalence was in Tunisian children with 0.65%; studies reporting incidence data were far less numerous. A common trend in the prevalence of AD was that children would have a higher prevalence as compared to adolescents and adults. The severity and morbidity of the disease showed variance with age, sex, socioeconomic characteristics, geographical location, and ethnicity. Environmental factors played an important role as causative agents in AD. The risk factors that were proven to cause and induce AD were skin barrier impairments due to FLG mutation, changes in the environment, and diet. FLG mutation may impair the skin barrier function by disruption of pH and hydration maintenance of the skin. Lastly, there were only a few studies on the incidence of AD in the 21st century. Therefore, epidemiological studies on childhood and adulthood AD in different continents are still needed, especially on the incidence of AD during adulthood.

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