Survey on Technique and User Profiling in Unsupervised Machine Learning Method

In order to generate precise behavioural patterns or user segmentation, organisations often struggle with pulling information from data and choosing suitable Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Furthermore, many marketing teams are unfamiliar with data-driven classification methods. The goal of this research is to provide a framework that outlines the Unsupervised Machine Learning (UML) methods for User-Profiling (UP) based on essential data attributes. A thorough literature study was undertaken on the most popular UML techniques and their dataset attributes needs. For UP, a structure is developed that outlines several UML techniques. In terms of data size and dimensions, it offers two-stage clustering algorithms for category, quantitative, and mixed types of datasets. The clusters are determined in the first step using a multilevel or model-based classification method. Cluster refining is done in the second step using a non-hierarchical clustering technique. Academics and professionals may use the framework to figure out which UML techniques are best for creating strong profiles or data-driven user segmentation.

The Classification of Bedouin Arabic: Insights from Northern Jordan

The goal of the present paper is to provide a revaluation of the classification of the Bedouin dialects of Northern Arabia and the Southern Levant, based on published or publicly available data and on first-hand data recently collected amongst some Bedouin tribes in Northern Jordan. We suggest extending previous classifications that identify three types of dialects, namely A (ʿnizi), B (šammari), and C (šāwi). Although intermediary or mixed types combining šammari features with šāwi features were already noted, our data suggest that further combinations are possible, either because they had so far been unnoticed or because recent levelling and dialect mixing have blurred the boundaries between some of the varieties.

Organic Petrographic and Geochemical Evaluation of the Black Shale of the Duwi Formation, El Sebaiya, Nile Valley, Egypt

This study evaluates the palynologic, organic, inorganic, and petrographic properties of organic-rich black shale (Mahamid Mine) in the El Sebaiya area, Nile Valley, Egypt. Black shale is composed of quartz (50%), calcite (10%), kaolinite (25%) and montmorillonite (15%). Organic and inorganic analyses revealed that this shale was deposited under oxic to anoxic marine conditions during strong chemical weathering. Black shale has poor to very good organic richness, and poor to fair hydrocarbon potential. Organic petrography indicates that the kerogen is mixed types II/III and III and is immature to marginally mature (%VRo is 0.44 and 0.53). Liptinite macerals consist of alginite, cutinite, and bituminite. The hydrocarbon products to be generated at higher maturity are expected to be oil and gas.

Repeated measures discriminant analysis using multivariate generalized estimation equations

Discriminant analysis procedures that assume parsimonious covariance and/or means structures have been proposed for distinguishing between two or more populations in multivariate repeated measures designs. However, these procedures rely on the assumptions of multivariate normality which is not tenable in multivariate repeated measures designs which are characterized by binary, ordinal, or mixed types of response distributions. This study investigates the accuracy of repeated measures discriminant analysis (RMDA) based on the multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEE) framework for classification in multivariate repeated measures designs with the same or different types of responses repeatedly measured over time. Monte Carlo methods were used to compare the accuracy of RMDA procedures based on GEE, and RMDA based on maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) under diverse simulation conditions, which included number of repeated measure occasions, number of responses, sample size, correlation structures, and type of response distribution. RMDA based on GEE exhibited higher average classification accuracy than RMDA based on MLE especially in multivariate non-normal distributions. Three repeatedly measured responses namely severity of epilepsy, current number of anti-epileptic drugs, and parent-reported quality of life in children with epilepsy were used to demonstrate the application of these procedures.

REVIEW AND REASSESSMENT THE RADIUS OF PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBILITY TO CATERING ESTABLISHMENTS

This article deals with the issues regarding the accommodation of catering establishments in a residential area and to ensure pedestrian accessibility to them to save time and reduce the load on the city's transport system. It is based on a three-stage service system and the average walking speed of the economically active population. To solve the unsatisfactory location of catering establishments in a residential area, a formula for calculating the service radius for each type of catering establishment, and classify catering establishments into fast, leisure, and mixed types are proposed. To conclude, with the implementation of the attached calculations in urban planning, the location of types of catering establishments in the residential area could solve the set goals.

Heterologous Vaccination for Preparing COVID-19 Pandemic

Infectious disease pandemics are characterized by extreme uncertainty. From the more predictable response to seasonal influenza, which occurs each year, we have learned the importance of effective universal vaccines and therapeutic agents to protect high-risk groups. Heterologous vaccination with different types of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 is already recommended for various reasons: shortages of mass vaccine supply; critical adverse events, and potential superior efficacy as a booster dose. However, very few studies have examined the efficacy and safety of heterologous vaccination with mixed types. This review discusses the efficacy of vaccines currently approved in the Republic of Korea, including heterologous vaccination options.

Using Ultrasound-Based Multilayer Perceptron to Differentiate Early Breast Mucinous Cancer and its Subtypes From Fibroadenoma

ObjectivesMucinous breast cancer (MBC), particularly pure MBC (pMBC), often tend to be confused with fibroadenoma (FA) due to their similar images and firm masses, so some MBC cases are misdiagnosed to be FA, which may cause poor prognosis. We analyzed the ultrasonic features and aimed to identify the ability of multilayer perceptron (MLP) to classify early MBC and its subtypes and FA.Materials and MethodsThe study consisted of 193 patients diagnosed with pMBC, mMBC, or FA. The area under curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the effectiveness of age and 10 ultrasound features in differentiating MBC from FA. We used the pairwise comparison to examine the differences among MBC subtypes (pure and mixed types) and FA. We utilized the MLP to differentiate MBC and its subtypes from FA.ResultsThe nine features with AUCs over 0.5 were as follows: age, echo pattern, shape, orientation, margin, echo rim, vascularity distribution, vascularity grade, and tumor size. In subtype analysis, the significant differences were obtained in 10 variables (p-value range, 0.000–0.037) among pMBC, mMBC, and FA, except posterior feature. Through MLP, the AUCs of predicting MBC and FA were both 0.919; the AUCs of predicting pMBC, mMBC, and FA were 0.875, 0.767, and 0.927, respectively.ConclusionOur study found that the MLP models based on ultrasonic characteristics and age can well distinguish MBC and its subtypes from FA. It may provide a critical insight into MBC preoperative clinical management.

Worst Pattern of Perineural Invasion Redefines the Spatial Localization of Nerves in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

As a key histopathological characteristic of tumor invasion, perineural invasion (PNI) assists tumor dissemination, whereas the current definition of PNI by dichotomy is not accurate and the prognostic value of PNI has not reached consensus. To define PNI status in each patient when mixed types of PNI occurred simultaneously, we here further subclassified the traditional PNI in 183 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The spatial localization of nerves in OSCC microenvironment was thoroughly evaluated and successfully concluded into four types of PNI: 0, tumor cells away from nerves; 1, tumor cells encircling nerves less than 33%; 2, tumor cells encircling nerves at least 33%; and 3, tumor cells infiltrating into nerve sheathes. Sequentially, patients were stratified by single and mixed types of PNI. Traditionally, types 0 and 1 were defined as PNI−, while types 2 and 3 were PNI+, which predicted shorter survival time. When multiple types of PNI existed within one tumor, patients with higher score of PNI types tended to have a relatively worse prognosis. Therefore, to define the status of PNI more precisely, the new variable worst pattern of PNI (WPNI) was proposed, which was taken as the highest score of PNI types present in each patient no matter how focal. Results showed that patients with WPNI 1 had longest survival time, and WPNI 2 correlated with better overall survival (p = 0.02), local-regional recurrence-free survival (p = 0.03), and distant metastasis-free survival (p = 0.046) than WPNI 3. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that only WPNI 3 could independently predict patients’ prognosis, which could be explained by a more damaged immune response in WPNI 3 patients with less CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells. Conclusively, WPNI by trichotomy provide more meticulous and precise pathological information for tumor-nerve interactions in OSCC patients.

Characteristics and Control Mechanism of Lacustrine Shale Oil Reservoir in the Member 2 of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

The significance of lacustrine shale oil has gradually become prominent. Lacustrine shale has complex lithologies, and their reservoir properties are quite various. The multi-scale pore structure of shale controls the law of shale oil enrichment. Typical lacustrine shale developed in the Member 2 of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong sag, Bohai Bay Basin. The lithofacies and multi-scale storage space of this lacustrine shale have been systematically studied. 1. The mineral composition is quite different, and the lithofacies can be summarized into siliceous, carbonate and mixed types. The rock structure can be summarized into laminated, layered, and massive types. 2. The pores are diverse and multi-scale. Interparticle pores contribute the main storage space, especially the interparticle pores of quartz and dolomite. 3. The physical properties of the massive shales is relatively inferior to those of layered and laminatedtypes, and it presents the characteristics of " laminated >layered > massive ". The developed laminae can significantly improve the space and seepage capacity of lacustrine shale. 4. Clay minerals provide the main nano-scale storage space, but they are often filled in pores and reduces the shale brittleness, which have destruction effects.