ON THE CHURCHNESS OF THE POPULATION OF THE KALININ REGION IN 1930-1950 (FROM MEMORIES OF «CHILDREN OF WAR»)

В статье представлены предварительные результаты исследования в рамках проекта: «Церковная жизнь в советском обществе в 1940-1950-гг.: религиозные практики населения в Калининской области в воспоминаниях «детей войны». Обыденная религиозность рассматривается сквозь призму восприятия представителей постреволюционного поколения, рожденных в СССР в 1928-1945 гг. и проживающих в настоящее время на территории Тверской области. Для анализа их религиозного опыта привлекались материалы анкетирования, которые содержат социокультурные характеристики респондентов, отражают их личные воспоминания, семейные предания. Показано, что в условиях упадка церковной жизни семья приобретает черты социального звена, которое имеет сакральное значение: в его пределах протекает религиозная жизнь, совершаются религиозные ритуалы. He article presents the preliminary results of the study accordingly the project: «Church life in the Soviet society in 1940-1950: the religious practices of the population of the Kalinin region in the memories of «children of war». Ordinary religiousness was examined through the prism of perceptions of the postrevolutionary generation, born in the USSR in 1928-1945 and lived on the territory of the Tver Region at present. In order to analyze their religious experience the materials of the questionnaires, which contain sociocultural characteristics of the respondents, reflect their personal memories and family traditions, were used. It is shown that in the conditions of the decline of parochial life a family acquires the features of a social link that has a sacral meaning: religious life and rituals take place within it.

FORMATION OF THE COLLECTION OF MEMORIES OF «CHILDREN OF WAR» ABOUT RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF THE POPULATION OF KALININ OBLAST IN THE 1940S- 1950S

Статья посвящена вопросам организации работы, проводимой историками Тверского государственного университета, по созданию коллекции устных источников по истории церковной жизни в советском обществе в 1940-1950 гг. на территории Калининской области. В статье охарактеризованы принципы, методы и средства устной истории, использованные для формирования документного комплекса. Основу комплекса документов составили воспоминания о религиозных практиках жителей Калининской области в 1940-1950 гг., полученные в результате анкетирования определенной возрастной группы населения Тверской области - «детей войны». В статье проанализирована структура и содержание анкеты, приемы практического анкетирования, предварительные результаты формирования коллекции воспоминаний. Статья также содержит первоначальную оценку информационной составляющей документного комплекса и перспективы дальнейшей работы с коллекцией воспоминаний. The article describes the organization of work of the historians in the Tver State University for creating the collection of oral sources about religious practices in Soviet society in the 1940s-1950s, particularly among the population of Kalinin Oblast. The article characterizes principles, methods and tools of oral history used to form the complex of recollections, obtained as a result of surveying the certain age group of the population - «children of war». The article analyzes the structure and content of the questionnaire, methods of practical questioning, andthe results of workfor creatingthecollection. The article also contains an initial assessment of the informational component of thisdocumentary complex and the prospects for further work with the collection of thesememories.

CHILDHOOD AND EXILE. THE EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN THE SOVIET UNION AND MEXICO INFANCIA Y EXILIO

The study focuses on the Spanish "children of war" who were evacuated to Mexico and the USSR during the Spanish Civil War between 1937 and 1938, and their experiences described in various sources. These are both memories and scholarly research, incorporating information col-lected through various research projects to study the perception of exiles of their experience. No less significant for this work is the material re-lated to the influence of the "children of war" on the societies that host them; this perspective is of particular relevance at the present stage. Both the USSR and Mexico supported the Second Republic both in the international arena and in the humanitarian direction. At the same time, the USSR accepted more children than Mexico and the living condi-tions of the exiles varied significantly. Life stories testify to the trau-mas associated with separation from families, both when moving to Mexico and the USSR, the difficulties of returning and reuniting with their relatives, the impact on the fate of Spanish children of the break that occurred in Spain after the defeat of the Republicans and the estab-lishment of the Francoist dictatorship.

REFLECTION OF MORAL AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN THE PROSE OF L. BOZIEV

The article presents an attempt to analyze the moral and ethical problems of modern society in the prose of Lyudin Boziev. The writer performed mainly in the genre of lyrical prose, so his "I" plays a significant role in his work. It also draws attention to the autobiography of his works, in which he reflected the feelings and thoughts of his generation – the "children of war"; the movement of time and the complexity of human relationships. The authors of the article connect the moral search of L. Boziev with the national character, which is changing intensively in the era of globalization. The relevance of the research topic is determined by its innovative nature, associated with the analysis of the unexplored works of the Kabardian prose writer. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the artistic solution of moral and ethical problems in modern Kabardian prose based on the material of L. Boziev's novels "The Arrogant becomes Mean" and "The Road of Life". It is achieved by solving a set of tasks, including: the definition of the national and ethical origins of the concept of "morality", the study of the problems and poetics of the novels of L. Boziev, establishing their connection with the Adyghe mentality, identifying the problem of morality and the specifics of its artistic solution. The research involves a number of general scientific methods (generalization, analysis, synthesis, description). The results obtained can become a theoretical aid in the further study of the work of L. Boziev, as well as in determining the role of a bright creative personality in the evolution of artistic consciousness.

The Narrative as a Mnemonic Text (Based on “Children of War” Narratives)

The article is focuses on the consideration of "children of war" narratives as mnemonic texts united by a common theme and containing memories of the Great Patriotic War in Russia (1941- 1945). The interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of such texts makes it possible to describe the nature of representation of the war in the minds of its eyewitnesses, to trace its rethinking and changing nature of memories. The research material illustrates the distinctive features of the narrative as a mnemonic text, namely the retrospective nature of the narrative, structural and semantic heterogeneity of the texts, linguistic expression of the authenticity of the event series, the interaction of the narrator with the interviewer in the narration, temporal postponement of memories expressed in evaluative judgments, self-examination of the events, reflexion, as well as cognitive "symbiosis" of the past and present, expressed in the using of past and present tenses of verbs in a sentence. The article introduces the notion of mnemonic situation and describes its structure and types: situations of information presence, situations of information loss, situations of information absence and situations of information recovery. In the course of the research, we found examples of interaction of several types of mnemical situation in a sentence or a thematic fragment.

Saving Homeless Children of War, Making Citizens for ‘Peace’: The politics of post-war rehabilitation in US-occupied Japan and beyond

This article analyses Bell Hill (Kane no naru oka), the NHK radio drama designed by US-occupation personnel, and the fervent audience response, while treating this redemption story of war-affected homeless children as a trope for Japanese reorientation under American tutelage. Specifically, it examines the two major tenets of the rehabilitative vision delineated in the serial, liberal guidance based on the principles of self-government and sentimental brotherhood. Questioning the underlying assumption of post-war discourses that they were new, humanitarian fundamentals for Japan's democratic transformation, this study considers liberal principles and sentimentalism as technologies of power and the self that affected both drama's characters and receptive audiences to refigure themselves as responsible and empathetic members of the newly imagined national community. Through this approach, the article suggests a way to resist a simplistic account of Japan's post-war reorientation as either unilateral indoctrination or liberation. The historical experience is instead rearticulated as a process of self-rehabilitation within the biopolitical order of American Cold-War governmentality. This rearticulation opens a further possibility to locate the specific rendering of Japan's post-war rehabilitation within a wider trans-war continuum of human reformation projects implemented through similar technologies of power and the self in Japan and beyond.

Childhood emotional experience as a prerequisite for optimism and social activeness in senior age

The subject of this research is the childhood emotional experience of the people of senior age, i.e. the “children of war” generation. The author pursues the goal to study their emotional experiences associated with childhood that fell on the war period as the prerequisite for their life optimism and social activeness in the senior age. The analysis is bases on the materials of biographical narratives collected over the period from 2012 to 2019. The sampling included 34 men aged 75-85, and 57 women aged 75-90. The method of non-standardized biographical interviews became the means for collecting data. The acquired narratives were processed through the method of content analysis (for formalization of the variables “optimism”, “pessimism” and “social activity”), and comprising structured descriptions of emotional experience of the wartime childhood, summarizes in the basis of two highlighted nominations – socially active optimists and pessimists with low social activeness. It was determined that the positive emotional experience of the children of war contributed to formation of their optimistic perception of the world and subjective position on life, which remained until senior age and manifest in their social activeness and interaction with the surrounding world, while the negative emotional experience created the foundation for pessimistic worldview and contributed to formation of infantile position on life, which in senior age manifest in low social activeness, helplessness and complaints to the world. The author indicates seven characteristic of the positive and six characteristics of the negative childhood emotional experience, which can be viewed as the prerequisites for optimism/pessimism and social activeness/passiveness in the senior age.