The Use Of Statistical Sampling And A Single-Point Estimator To Establish Punitive Fines In Compliance Auditing: A Cautionary Note

This paper describes current practices relating to statistical sampling used by auditors performing compliance audits.  An example audit case is presented where a compliance audit is performed using statistical sampling.  Fines for non-compliance are based upon the sample results.  While the practice is quite common and generally accepted, there are significant ramifications associated with the use of a single-point estimator.  Approximately half of the time, an auditee will be charged more than is actually deserved.  We explore the shortcomings associated with the use of a single-point estimator and the appropriateness of the use of a one-tailed confidence interval to provide greater assurance that fines are appropriate and reasonable.

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The Influences Of Absorptive Capacity And Social Capital On Knowledge Transfer

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v25i4.1020 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Naresh Kumar ◽

Raduan Che Rose ◽

Nurul Fatiha Abdul Muien

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Knowledge Transfer ◽

Absorptive Capacity ◽

Learning System ◽

Electronics Manufacturing ◽

Business Practices ◽

Font Size ◽

Current Business ◽

Current Practices

This study investigated the current business practices in Japanese electrical and electronics manufacturing subsidiaries as well as the influences of both absorptive capacity and social capital on knowledge transfer within the firms’ intra-MNC network in the wake of full AFTA implementation in 2018. Results showed that employees are generally satisfied with the current practices in these subsidiaries with relation to the eight dimensions being studied; learning system, training, communication, reward, promotion, compensation, trust and centrality. This study also found that absorptive capacity has definite but small relationship with knowledge transfer, while social capital bears much more substantial relationship with the former.

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HUBUNGAN ANTARA PERILAKU MENONTON FILM KEKERASAN DENGAN PERILAKU AGRESI REMAJA

Sodality Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan ◽

10.22500/sodality.v6i1.5812 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nurmala K. Pandjaitan ◽

Nando .

Keyword(s):

Intensity Factor ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Percent Confidence Interval ◽

Font Size ◽

Adolescent Aggression ◽

Aggression Behavior

In recent years many scenes of violence shown in films. Fights, beatings, murders, destructive, and harmful to others has always appeared in the film. Increasing the proportion of violent scenes in movies gave the negative influence of criticism for the audience. Anxiety about the emergence of negative influence is increasing due to the characteristics of a predominantly adolescence audience. One of the alleged negative impact on adolescence movies is aggression behavior. The purpose of this study were (a) know the behavior of adolescents in watching violent films (b) know the behavior of adolescents in the act of aggression (c) analyze the relationship between adolescent behavior in watching violent films with aggression behavior. The research subjects were 45 student of SMK Pelita Ciampea, Bogor. Research data are analyzed using Chi Square with contingency coefficient (C) ranges from 0-1. Behavior watching violent films do not have a significant relationship with the behavior of adolescent aggression. Intensity factor to aggression behavior in the family environment, in the neighborhood and situational factors has a significant relationship to adolescent aggression behavior at ? 0.01 with 99 percent confidence interval so that a positive relationship. Intensity factor to aggression behavior by friends to have a significant relationship with adolescent aggression behavior at ? 0.05 with 95 percent confidence interval so that a positive relationship.

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Steady state signatures in the time domain for nonintrusive appliance identification

Ingeniería e Investigación ◽

10.15446/ing.investig.v35n1sup.53619 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (1Sup) ◽

pp. 58-64

Author(s):

Yulieth Jimenez ◽

Cesar Duarte ◽

Johann Petit ◽

Jan Meyer ◽

Peter Schegner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Time Domain ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Single Point ◽

Impact Factors ◽

Font Size ◽

Electrical Measurements ◽

Stroke Width ◽

Load Monitoring ◽

The Time Domain

Smart Grid paradigm promotes advanced load monitoring applications to support demand side management and energy savings. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring to estimate the individual operation and power consumption of the residential appliances, from single point electrical measurements. This approach takes advantage of signal processing in order to reduce the hardware effort associated to systems with multiple dedicated sensors. Discriminative characteristics of the appliances, namely load signatures, could be extracted from the transient or steady state electrical signals. In this paper the effect of impact factors that can affect the steady state load signatures under realistic conditions are investigated: the voltage supply distortion, the network impedance and the sampling frequency of the metering equipment. For this purpose, electrical measurements of several residential appliances were acquired and processed to obtain some indices in the time domain. Results include the comparison of distinct scenarios, and the evaluation of the suitability and discrimination capacity of the steady state information.<br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" />

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A Cautionary Note on the Use of Error Bars

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli3499.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (17) ◽

pp. 3699-3703 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

John R. Lanzante

Keyword(s):

Statistical Theory ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Hypothesis Testing ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Cautionary Note ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Testing Techniques ◽

Error Bars ◽

Climate Studies

Abstract Climate studies often involve comparisons between estimates of some parameter derived from different observed and/or model-generated datasets. It is common practice to present estimates of two or more statistical quantities with error bars about each representing a confidence interval. If the error bars do not overlap, it is presumed that there is a statistically significant difference between them. In general, such a procedure is not valid and usually results in declaring statistical significance too infrequently. Simple examples that demonstrate the nature of this pitfall, along with some formulations, are presented. It is recommended that practitioners use standard hypothesis testing techniques that have been derived from statistical theory rather than the ad hoc approach involving error bars.

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Use of simultaneous pressure and velocity measurements to estimate arterial wave speed at a single site in humans

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00751.2005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 290 (2) ◽

pp. H878-H885 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Justin E. Davies ◽

Zachary I. Whinnett ◽

Darrel P. Francis ◽

Keith Willson ◽

Rodney A. Foale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Isosorbide Dinitrate ◽

Wave Speed ◽

Single Point ◽

Point Method ◽

Doppler Velocity ◽

Velocity Measurements ◽

Human Coronary Artery ◽

Pressure And Velocity Measurements

It has not been possible to measure wave speed in the human coronary artery, because the vessel is too short for the conventional two-point measurement technique used in the aorta. We present a new method derived from wave intensity analysis, which allows derivation of wave speed at a single point. We apply this method in the aorta and then use it to derive wave speed in the human coronary artery for the first time. We measured simultaneous pressure and Doppler velocity with intracoronary wires at the left main stem, left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, and aorta in 14 subjects after a normal coronary arteriogram. Then, in 10 subjects, serial measurements were made along the aorta before and after intracoronary isosorbide dinitrate. Wave speed was derived by two methods in the aorta: 1) the two-site distance/time method (foot-to-foot delay of pressure waveforms) and 2) a new single-point method using simultaneous pressure and velocity measurements. Coronary wave speed was derived by the single-point method. Wave speed derived by the two methods correlated well ( r = 0.72, P < 0.05). Coronary wave speed correlated with aortic wave speed ( r = 0.72, P = 0.002). After nitrate administration, coronary wave speed fell by 43%: from 16.4 m/s (95% confidence interval 12.6–20.1) to 9.3 m/s (95% confidence interval 6.5–12.0, P < 0.001). This single-point method allows determination of wave speed in the human coronary artery. Aortic wave speed is correlated to coronary wave speed. Finally, this technique detects the prompt fall in coronary artery wave speed with isosorbide dinitrate.

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Parametric Interval Estimation of the Geeta Distribution

International Journal of Statistics and Probability ◽

10.5539/ijsp.v8n1p1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Betty C. Korir ◽

Josphat K. Kinyanjui

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Interval Estimation ◽

Random Variable ◽

Moment Generating Function ◽

Distribution Model ◽

Unknown Parameters ◽

Sample Mean ◽

Population Mean ◽

Point Estimator ◽

Interval Estimators

It is well known that the sample mean is the estimator of a population mean in mathematical statistics from a given population of interest as a point estimator which assume a single number that is obtained by taking a random sample of a specified size from the entire population, depending on whether the population mean and variance is known or unknown. In the interval estimation, the sample mean is accompanied with a plus or a minus margin of an error that is assumed that the estimator is contained within the range of values with certain degree of confidence. This paper investigated and obtained the interval estimators of the unknown constants of Geeta distribution model through the construction of confidence interval using; the pivotal quantity method, the shortest-length confidence interval, unbiased confidence interval estimators, Bayesian confidence interval estimators and statistical method. Geeta distribution is a new discrete random variable distribution defined over all the positive integers, with two unknown parameters. The properties and characteristics of the Geeta distribution model were discussed and reviewed that is, the existence of the mean, variance, moment generating function and that the sum of all probabilities is unity. These are common properties of any given probability density function.

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Audit Sampling Methods And Juror Negligence Awards: An Expectation Gap?

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v19i1.2152 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

David L. Gilbertson ◽

Terri L. Herron

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Sampling Methods ◽

Sampling Techniques ◽

Statistical Sampling ◽

Font Size ◽

Damage Awards ◽

Expectation Gap ◽

Audit Sampling ◽

Sampling Procedures

Generally accepted auditing standards permit auditors to apply both statistical and nonstatistical sampling techniques in obtaining sufficient, competent evidential matter.  However, several recent studies have shown that statistical sampling procedures have nearly disappeared from practice. Despite this trend and the heightened anxiety about professional liability, no studies to date have directly tested the potential implications of sampling method on jurors verdicts, damage awards, or sample size expectations.  In this study we investigate the effect of sampling method on jurors’ judgments in auditor negligence trials.  Overall, in a case where auditors were alleged to have used an insufficient sample size, the sampling method did not affect the likelihood of a “guilty of negligence” verdict.  However, as predicted, damage awards were significantly higher when nonstatistical sampling was used compared with statistical sampling.  Exploratory analysis revealed that subjects voting “guilty of negligence” would require the auditors to examine over 17% of the population (compared with the 1% examined) in order to change their verdict to “not guilty of negligence.”  These findings have troubling implications for auditors employing sampling techniques.

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Correct Point Estimator and Confidence Interval for RMSEA Given Categorical Data

Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal ◽

10.1080/10705511.2019.1687302 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 678-695 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keke Lai

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Categorical Data ◽

Point Estimator ◽

Correct Point

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Constructing Confidence Intervals For Flexible Budget Cost Estimates

Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) ◽

10.19030/jber.v5i10.2594 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Mitchell H. Raiborn ◽

Robert C. Scott ◽

G. R. Cluskey Jr.

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Cost Analysis ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Annual Cost ◽

Cost Estimate ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Font Size ◽

Cost Estimates

A multiple-cost flexible budget can be constructed using either the Aggregate Cost Analysis Method or the Component Flexible Budget Method.  This paper derives and illustrates the use of a confidence interval formula for an annual cost estimate that is developed by summing 12 monthly flexible budget estimates.

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Optimal estimators of the position of a mass extinction when recovery potential is uniform

Paleobiology ◽

10.1666/0094-8373-35.3.447 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 447-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Steve C. Wang ◽

David J. Chudzicki ◽

Philip J. Everson

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Mass Extinction ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Standard Errors ◽

Optimal Point ◽

Average Width ◽

Recovery Potential ◽

Coverage Probabilities ◽

Point Estimator ◽

Optimal Estimators

Numerous methods have been developed to estimate the position of a mass extinction boundary while accounting for the incompleteness of the fossil record. Here we describe the point estimator and confidence interval for the extinction that are optimal under the assumption of uniform preservation and recovery potential, and independence among taxa. First, one should pool the data from all taxa into one combined “supersample.” Next, one can then apply methods proposed by Strauss and Sadler (1989) for a single taxon. This gives the optimal point estimator in the sense that it has the smallest variance among all possible unbiased estimators. The corresponding confidence interval is optimal in the sense that it has the shortest average width among all possible intervals that are invariant to measurement scale. These optimality properties hold even among methods that have not yet been discovered. Using simulations, we show that the optimal estimators substantially improve upon the performance of other existing methods. Because the assumptions of uniform recovery and independence among taxa are strong ones, it is important to assess to what extent they are satisfied by the data. We demonstrate the use of probability plots for this purpose. Finally, we use simulations to explore the sensitivity of the optimal point estimator and confidence interval to nonuniformity and lack of independence, and we compare their performance under these conditions with existing methods. We find that nonuniformity strongly biases the point estimators for all methods studied, inflates their standard errors, and degrades the coverage probabilities of confidence intervals. Lack of independence has less effect on the accuracy of point estimates as long as recovery potential is uniform, but it, too, inflates the standard errors and degrades confidence interval coverage probabilities.

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