scholarly journals Limestone quarries and cave protection

Ecocycles ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Leél-Őssy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Loss ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
The Real ◽  
Difficult Question ◽  
Value Of Nature ◽  
Limestone Quarries

It happened in Hungary several times that a limestone quarry opened the entrance of a new, unknown cave during its activity such as the case was in the Villány Mountains, in Budapest, and in Kesel?, Naszály or Esztramos Hills. It is right that the natural caves are protected, but what is the solution in such cases? Closing the mine? Absolving the cave from protection? It is a difficult question. The real way: we must weigh. Which is more expensive? How valuable and unique is the cave? How big is the economic loss if we close the mine? And how serious is the harm if it is allowed to annihilate the value of nature, which is impossible to reproduce? Examples follow from Hungary.

The case of ‘losses in any event’: a question of duty, cause or damages?

Legal Studies ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-585
Author(s):  
Mark Stiggelbout
Keyword(s):  
Economic Loss ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Private Law ◽  
General Argument ◽  
The Real ◽  
Pure Economic Loss ◽  
Court Of Appeal ◽  
Careful Comparison

This paper considers the relevance of a finding that, even absent the defendant's unlawfulness, the private law claimant would have suffered the losses claimed. It provides a principled framework for considering the issues raised by such a finding of ‘losses in any event’, arguing that it should be distinguished both from causation of injury and from the scope of the defendant's duty of care, and that it should be treated as raising a question of damages. It highlights the need, particularly in pure economic loss cases, for a careful comparison of the real and the hypothetical losses so as to determine whether the latter would indeed have been losses in any event. In this regard, the decision of the Court of Appeal in Calvert v William Hill Credit Ltd is subjected to close scrutiny. A more general argument advanced is that tort and contract both do and should adopt similar approaches in this field.

scholarly journals A new method of solving numerical equations

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
Original Equation ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Roots ◽  
Significant Figure ◽  
Difficult Question

The object of this paper is to develope a new and remarkably simple method of approximating to the real roots of numerical equations, which possesses several important advantages. After describing the nature of the transformations which are subsequently employed, the author proceeds to develope the process he uses for obtaining one of the roots of a numerical equation. Passing over the difficult question of determining the limits of the roots, he supposes the first significant figure (R) of a root to have been ascertained, and transforms the proposed equation into one whose roots are the roots of the original, divided by this figure (or x /R): one root of this equation lying between 1 and 2, the first significant figure ( r ) of the decimal part is obtained, and the equation transformed into another whose roots are those of the former, divided by 1+ this decimal (or 1 + r ). This last equation is again similarly transformed; these transformations being readily effected by the methods first given. Proceeding thus, the root of the original equation is obtained in the form of a continued product. After applying this method to finding a root of an equation of the 4th, and likewise one of the 5th degree, the author applies it to a class of equations to which he considers it peculiarly adapted, namely, those in which several terms are wanting. One of these is of the 16th degree, having only six terms; and another is of the 622nd degree, having only four terms.

scholarly journals Post-mining Land of Limestone Quarries for Sengon Plants in PT Semen Baturaja (Persero) Tbk

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regi suhada pujakesuma ◽  
Restu Juniah ◽  
Harminuke Eko Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Reclamation Area ◽  
Limestone Quarries ◽  
Climate Space

Limestone mining in PT Semen Baturaja mine mining materials in the form of limestone. Limestone is the material needed to make cement. Open mining activities at the final stage will leave ex-mining land. Ex-mine land in the PT Semen Baturaja reclamation area has been planned for revegetation of sengon seedlings. The research was conducted to examine economically post-mining land of limestone mines for sengon plantations. The initial baseline studied in the study area includes climate, space and geological conditions, and vegetation. Some plants in the study area include sengon, cypress, and guava. The results showed that the use of limestone quarry land for sengon plants had met economically. The results of the study are expected to be utilized by stakeholders, academics, practitioners, researchers, mining associations and the environment.

scholarly journals Establishment of Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart) woodland species in an abandoned limestone quarry: effects after 12 years

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katinka X. Ruthrof ◽  
Richard Bell ◽  
Michael Calver
Keyword(s):  
Surface Mining ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Acacia Saligna ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Limestone Quarries ◽  
Eucalyptus Gomphocephala ◽  
Natural Recruitment ◽  
Study Species

Surface mining and quarrying profoundly affect landscapes and vegetation, so restoration of abandoned quarries attempts to create species-rich ecosystems for erosion control and fauna habitat. This study examined the success after 12 years of imported topsoil, sewage sludge, micronutrients, and fertiliser tablets applied at planting (all with and without broadcast fertiliser) on the survival, growth and health of six-month old seedlings of Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Acacia saligna, Banksia prionotes, B. attenuata, E. decipiens, Templetonia retusa and Dodonaea aptera in an abandoned limestone quarry in a mediterranean type climate in south-west Western Australia. Natural recruitment of seedlings of these species was also noted. After 12 years, overall survival was 17.4%, ranging from 42% in E. gomphocephala to 1% in T. retusa. Treatment combinations did not influence survival of any species, nor did growth (measured as height and DBHOB) vary in response to treatment. Treatment did not influence the health of any species significantly, with the exceptions of E. decipiens (healthiest in the All treatment) and B. attenuata (significantly lower levels of health when exposed to broadcast fertiliser). A. saligna, D. aptera and other local species from surrounding woodlands had naturally recruited seedlings. To date, although there is no evidence that any of the treatments tested is a panacea for success in re-establishing the study species in the medium-term, the study shows that vegetation native to the area can be re-established in abandoned limestone quarries at this site.

Escaping predators on vertical surfaces: Lacerta perspicillata in limestone quarries of Lithaca

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1803-1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie J Vitt ◽  
William E Cooper, Jr. ◽  
Anna Perera ◽  
Valentín Pérez-Mellado
Keyword(s):  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Balearic Islands ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
Rock Face ◽  
Escape Strategy ◽  
Avian Predators ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Limestone Quarries

Escape behavior of the Mediterranean lizard Lacerta perspicillata was studied experimentally in a limestone quarry at Lithica on the island of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. These lizards are exposed to avian predators while active on vertical rock faces. Simulated kestrel attacks using a cardboard model elicited escape responses from nearly all lizards approached. Methods of escape included entering a crevice, retreating over or around an edge, running behind a shrub growing against the rock surface, running behind a shrub and dropping to the ground ("bush to ground"), and retreating under or behind a rock isolated from a rock face. Most lizards fled directly to the closest available refuge or to alternative refuges only slightly farther away. Nevertheless, lizards that initially perched near crevices more frequently fled to other types of refuge than lizards that were initially near other refuges. The latter usually fled to the closest refuge. Lizards predominantly fled parallel to the ground or directly toward it (down) into a refuge regardless of the direction of attack (above, below, straight on). Direction of attack affected the type of refuge used. Lizards approached from above were more likely to flee to bush-ground or crevices than those approached from below or the same height. Straight-line retreat directly to a refuge appears to be the most viable escape strategy for these lizards when faced with attacks by avian predators, but the direction of attack may influence decisions based on risk.

scholarly journals Diversity of Carabidae in limestone quarries of South Moravia

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Nováková ◽  
Pavla Šťastná
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Relict Species ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
City District ◽  
Anchomenus Dorsalis ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
Moravian Karst ◽  
Limestone Quarries ◽  
South Moravia

This paper presents the results of a study of Carabid beetles in two limestone quarries in South Moravia. The first one was a limestone quarry pit called Lesní lom which is located approximately 1 km away from the northern edge of the city district of Brno-Líšeň. The second locality was a limestone quarry of Malá dohoda which is located in a protected landscape area in the northern part of Moravian Karst. Using formaldehyde pitfall traps, 1682 specimens belonging to 66 species were caught in 2012, out of which 847 specimens (49 species) were from the active quarry of Malá dohoda and 835 specimens (40 species) came from Lesní lom quarry which had already been closed for 15 years at the time of research. The most abundant species included Anchomenus dorsalis, Carabus ullrichii ullrichii, C. cancellatus, and Aptinus bombarda. Relict species collected were Aptinus bombarda, Leistus rufomarginatus, and Carabus irregularis irregularis which is together with C. cancellatus, and Cylindera germanica included in the Red List of the Czech Republic. Xerothermophilic species of Carabid beetles found refuge mainly in the quarry marginal sites. In the case of Malá dohoda quarry, the influence of the surrounding PLA Moravian Karst was evident in the distribution of Carabid beetles.

scholarly journals Restoration of soil-vegetation cover and soil microbial community at the Pechurki limestone quarry (Leningrad region, Russia)

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanina Aleksandrovna Dmitrakova ◽  
Oksana Andreevna Rodina ◽  
Ivan Ilych Alekseev ◽  
Vyacheslav Igorevich Polyakov ◽  
Alina Aleksandrovna Petrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Spontaneous Succession ◽  
Limestone Quarries

Abstract Due to a significant increase in mining activity and subsequent ecosystem disturbances, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how degraded, unproductive quarries can be converted into new, self-sustaining communities that develop into natural environments. Former limestone quarry was investigated with aim to determine the best reclamation practice for surfaces of former lime rock quarries. Effects of spontaneous succession and forestry reclamation restoration approaches on vegetation and soil features were studied. The study was conducted in one of the largest limestone quarries of the Leningrad region, south taiga region. Species composition and vegetation cover were estimated for different plant communities within each ecotype of the quarry. Also soil characteristics were evaluated at each plot. We found that the main differences between plots were due to their position in the landscape; the most similar communities colonize similar ecotypes. On flat landforms, biodiversity is reduced under biological reclamation. At the sites under spontaneous succession, the level of biodiversity increases. In terms of biodiversity conservation and economic benefit, spontaneous succession is preferable to forestry reclamation for the restoration of carbonate substrates. After examining CO2 emissions from the quarry as a result of weathering of carbonates and soil respiration, as well as the level of CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere, we show that the establishment of certain landscape forms within former quarries can help to reduce atmospheric CO2.

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