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MEST Journal ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Evgeny Safonov ◽  
Sergey Kirsanov ◽  
Galina Palamarenko

The problem of removing and neutralizing household waste is becoming more acute every year and occupies the main place for any city. This is explained by the fact that waste negatively affects the environment and the person who is the producer of this waste and causes great harm to the economy. On the other hand, the waste itself is the richest source of secondary resources, it is also a free energy carrier since household waste is a renewable energy raw material for fuel energy. The state of the environment on the territory of Russia is determined by a high technical load, as well as a long-term and sustained negative impact, including due to the formation and accumulation of production and consumption waste. Of all the garbage produced in Russia, the largest share falls on solid household waste - more than 25%. Only 3-5% of them are sent for recycling, and the rest - in a landfill. The situation in the field of waste management in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region and the presence of many unauthorized dumps causes serious public concern. The article formulates recommendations to improve the efficiency of organization and management of municipal waste management, addressed to the heads of state and municipal authorities and management.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-399
Author(s):  
O. V. Kozhevinа ◽  
L. A. Belyaevskaya-Plotnik

The article is a continuation of a number of scientifc studies conducted by the authors within the framework of government assignments and grants, dedicated to identifying the relationship between the economic security of territories and the development of "green" entrepreneurship on them.Purpose: of the study is to model the assessment of the state of economic security of territories under various conditions of the transition to "green" entrepreneurship, taking into account the action of external and internal factors. "Green" entrepreneurship is a priority area for the development of Russian regions, consistent with the achievement of Russia's national strategic goals for the period up to 2030.Methods: in this work, cross-factor modeling and the method of integral analysis are used to calculate the composite index of the state of economic security and its structural components, taking into account the development of "green" entrepreneurship, supplemented by the method of a priori ranking of factors to assess the contribution of each component and justify the priority the selected factors affecting the level of economic security of the regions.Results: a three-component cross-factor model for assessing the state of economic security in certain regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow Region, Leningrad Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Novosibirsk Region, Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory) had been calculated and tested. The regions were ranked according to the value of each of the components, as well as separately according to the aggregate level of economic security. The necessity of stimulating the development of "green" entrepreneurship in each of the analyzed regions. Have been substantiated and stimulating and discouraging factors that have an impact on the level of economic security, taking into account "green" entrepreneurship, pointwise in each subject, have been identifed.Conclusions and Relevance: the proposed approach to assessing the impact of the identifed factors on the level of economic security of the regions, taking into account the development of "green" entrepreneurship on the basis of the developed cross-factor model, made it possible to build a rating of territories and identify stimulating and discouraging factors in their development. On the basis of which to determine the tools for influencing the economic security in a separate entity.


Author(s):  
М.О. Гурьянов ◽  
Д.Э. Раупова

Взаимосвязи между высотами деревьев и диаметрами на высоте груди широко применяются при определении запасов и сортиментной структуры древостоев. Для их описания применяются многочисленные математические модели. Сравнительный анализ точности шести моделей на примере древостоев сосны обыкновенной Учебно-опытного лесничества Ленинградской области показал близкую точность каждой из них. При этом для разных пробных площадей наибольшую точность показывали разные модели. Это обуславливает необходимость дальнейших исследований по данной тематике с целью выявления наиболее применимых для различных древесных пород, возрастов и условий местопроизрастаний математических моделей. В практической деятельности часто используются таблицы, составленные с учетом соотношений высот и диаметров на высоте груди в древостоях, основными из которых являются таблицы объемов стволов по разрядам высот и сортиментные таблицы. В рамках исследования было установлено, что фактические зависимости высот деревьев от диаметров на высоте груди отличаются от приведенных в таблицах, что обусловлено индивидуальными особенностями структуры и условий местопроизрастания древостоев. По этой причине разряды высот, определенные для отдельных ступеней толщины, зачастую отличаются от найденных по средним для древостоя высоте и диаметру на высоте груди. Это приводит к расхождениям в найденных с учетом данных двух подходов запасах древостоев, а также выхода и стоимости сортиментов в них. Несмотря на незначительность различий, их наличие свидетельствует о необходимости дальнейших исследований с целью повышения точности определения таксационных показателей древостоев. The relationships between heights and diameters at breast height of trees are widely used in determining of growing stock and assortment structure of stands. Numerous mathematical models are used to describe them. A comparative analysis of the accuracy of six models on the example of tree stands of Scots pine in the Training and Experimental Forestry of the Leningrad region showed the close accuracy of each of them. For different sample plots, however, the highest accuracy was showed by different models. This necessitates further research on this topic in order to identify the most applicable mathematical models for different tree species, ages and habitat conditions. In practice are often used the tables, compiled taking into account the ratios of heights and diameters at breast height in tree stands, the main of which are tables of volumes of trees by height ranks and assortment tables. Within the framework of the study, it was found that the actual relationships between tree heights and diameters at breast height differ from those given in the tables, which is due to the individual features of the stand structure and habitat conditions. For this reason, the height ranks, determined for individual diameter classes often differ from those found for the average tree stand height and diameter at breast height. This leads to discrepancies in the growing stocks of tree stands, found taking into account these two approaches, as well as the yield and cost of assortments in them. Although the differences are insignificant, they highlight the need for further research in order to improve the accuracy of determining the inventory parameters of tree stands


Author(s):  
Konstantin Gorlov ◽  
◽  
Andrey Gorodilov ◽  

In the fall of 2019, the archaeological expedition of the Institute of History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences carried out excavations in the Lomonosov district of the Leningrad region, in the village of Kovashi. During the course of the excavations, a previously unknown burial ground of the 15th—16th centuries was investigated, including at least 97 burials. Among the burial items, the most significant ones are 33 coins of Novgorod and Pskov Republics’ emission, of Principality of All Rus during the reigns of Ivan III, Vasily III and Ivan IV. The composition of the numismatic collection from the burials of the Kovashi burial ground reflected the most important changes that took place in the financial sphere of the Novgorod Republic during the period of its independence ceding to Moscow. Coins found in the tombs have become the leading chronological indicator, allowing us to refine both the dating of individual graves containing money and the functioning of all of the burial ground by following the process of its development. Fixation of the “obol of the dead” among the population of the Vodskaya Pyatina supplements the available data on the burial rites of the local population and their idea of the afterlife.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Khominets ◽  
Roman V. Gladkov

95 years ago, namely on October 12, 1926, through the efforts of 27 founders, including professors G.I. Turner, A.L. Polenov, R.R. Vreden and G.A. Albrecht, the first scientific society of orthopedic surgeons of Leningrad and the Leningrad region was created in our country, which continues to be an indispensable platform for the training of scientific personnel, the exchange of practical experience and research results directed by authoritative figures of domestic traumatology and orthopedics, the successors of the Leningrad school of orthopedic surgeons. The article summarizes the results of the societys work during four periods of its activity: the first period of formation (19261933), the second period work in the pre-war, war and post-war years (19341950), the third period the intensive development of traumatology and orthopedics (19501990) and the fourth period the modern rapid development of the specialty (since 1990). The main aim of the current activity and new areas of work are formulated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
A. O. Ponkratova ◽  
A. K. Whaley ◽  
E. V. Zhokhova ◽  
E. A. Bezverkhniaia ◽  
V. G. Luzhanin

Introduction. A number of studies have shown that various genetic and environmental factors can affect the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. In particular, it is known that the local geoclimate, seasonal changes, external conditions such as light, temperature, moisture and soil fertility can affect the chemical composition and, as a result, the therapeutic properties of plants used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Empetrum nigrum L. is a rich source of various pharmacologically active secondary metabolites – chalcones, dihydrochalcones, bibenzyls, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. In the scientific literature, there is no data on the variation in the chemical composition of E. nigrum depending on the growing area. The obtained data are necessary for a reasonable choice of the collecting location for the plant, with the aim of its further chemical and pharmacological research for the development of promising drug candidates.Aim. To carry out a comparative analysis of secondary metabolites composition in the aerial parts of Empetrum nigrum growing in different regions of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. Samples collected in three different areas were used to compare HPLC profiles: sample 1 was collected next to SPCPU nursery garden of medicinal plants (Leningrad region, Vsevolozhsky district, Priozerskoe highway, 38 km) in July 2020, sample 2 was collected on the Kola Peninsula, around the Khibiny mountains in July 2020, sample 3 was collected on the Kamchatka Peninsula, next to Khalaktyrsky beach (Pacific Ocean coast) in July 2020. Extracts were analyzed by analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Prominence LC-20 device (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with a diode array detector.Results and discussion. As a result of the research, for the first time, a significant variation in the qualitative chemical composition in the aerial parts of Empetrum nigrum growing in different regions of Russian Federation was established. Sample 3, collected on the Kamchatka Peninsula, in comparison with samples 1 and 2, contain the greatest variety of polar secondary metabolites belonging to the classes of flavonoids, tannins, and phenol carboxylic acids, while in the shoots collected in the Leningrad region, the major metabolites were weakly polar compounds belonging to the classes of chalcones, dihydrochalcones, bibenzyls, and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes, and in sample 2, collected in the Khibiny mountains, the lowest qualitative content of secondary metabolites was found. This variation may be caused by various environmental factors (biotic and abiotic).Conclusion. For the first time, the comparison of HPLC profiles of aerial part samples of E. nigrum, collected in different regions of the Russia Federation has been carried out. As a result, significant variations in the secondary metabolites composition of the studied samples were established, depending on the regions and growing conditions of the plants. The data obtained can be used for a reasonable choice of the collection location for the plant, with the aim of its further chemical and pharmacological research for the development of promising drug candidates.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
J. Strugar ◽  
A. A. Orlova ◽  
M. N. Povydysh

Introduction. Understanding the mechanisms of accumulation of individual groups of biologically active substances in promising types of plant raw materials and the possibility of predicting them is important for solving fundamental and applied problems of pharmaceuticals. To date, differences have been revealed in the qualitative and quantitative composition of secondary metabolites in the aboveground and underground of Comarum palustre L., however, the issue remains unstudied.Aim. Comparative metabolomic study of the composition of the primary metabolites of the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L.Materials and methods. The object of the study was the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., harvested in the vicinity of the nursery of medicinal plants of the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University (Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Priozerskoe Highway, 38 km) in 2019 and dried. Metabolomic studies based on GC-MS method was perfomed. A statistical analysis based on the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform was used.Results and discussion. Analysis of the chromatograms obtained using the GC-MS method revealed the content of 933 primary metabolites in the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., 120 of which were identified. Using a number of statistical methods, 10 metabolites from monosaccharides, acids and alcohols, making the greatest contribution to the manifestation of differences between the studied samples, were identified.Conclusion. The study revealed the relationship between the composition of primary and secondary metabolites in medicinal plant raw materials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
A. M. Bogoutdinova ◽  
A. K. Whaley ◽  
A. O. Ponkratova ◽  
A. A. Orlova ◽  
M. Yu. Goncharov ◽  
...  

Introduction. Analysis of the clinical and laboratory picture of the SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests the presence of microcirculation and oxygen transport disorders, hemolysis of erythrocytes, intra-alveolar fibrin formation and microthrombus formation in the patient’s pathogenesis. Accordingly, the search for potential anticoagulants, erythrocyte antiplatelet agents, membrane stabilizing drugs and mild thrombolytic drugs can prevent the development of life-threatening complications and reduce the mortality of COVID-19 patients.Aim. Isolation of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from the grass of Ononis arvensis L. and identification of the molecular mechanisms of its effect on platelet activation in vitro, induced by TRAP-6 (Thrombin receptor activated peptide) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate).Materials and methods. Terrestrial parts of Ononis arvensis L. were collected in the SPCPU nursery of medicinal plants (Leningrad region, Vsevolozhsky district, Priozerskoe highway, 38 km). Isolation of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was carried out by preparative high performance liquid chromatography on a Smartline device (Knauer, Germany) equipped with a spectrophotometric detector. The structure of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was confirmed by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (Bruker Avance III, 400 MHz, Germany), as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) (Bruker Micromass Q-TOF, Germany). The study of the effect of formononetin- 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on induced platelet activation was carried out on human platelets isolated from the blood of healthy volunteers. To research the effect of formononetin-7-О-β-D-glucopyranoside on platelet aggregation flow cytofluorometry with Cyto-FLEX (Beckman-Coulter, USA) was used.Results and discussion. According to the method of fractionation and purification of the total extract of O. arvensis developed in previous studies, formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was isolated in an individual form for subsequent biological studies with a total yield of 30 % in comparison with its content in the original extract. In samples with formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and ADP, there is a pronounced inhibition of platelet activation – the percentage of active platelets ranges from 6.3–6.6 % at doses of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 1 μM, 3 μM and 30 μM. The inhibitory effect of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is not dose-dependent (p ≤ 0.05). In samples with formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and TRAP, there is also a pronounced inhibition of platelet activation. The percentage of active platelets is 8 % at 1 μM formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside doses, 15 % at 3 μM doses, and 16 % at 30 μM doses.Conclusion. Administration of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside at doses of 1 μM, 3 μM, 30 μM strongly inhibits platelet activation induced by ADP and TRAP-6. For ADP, there is no dose-dependent effect, while for TRAP there is a weak dose-dependent effect, the greatest inhibition efficiency is achieved with the minimum investigated dose of 1 μM. In all cases, the results obtained are statistically significant.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (36) ◽  
pp. 265-267
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Novasadyuk

Introduction: High efficiency and low cost of homeopathic drugs, lack of side effects and accumulation of toxins in animal farming products made homeopathy one of the priority developments in veterinary medicine. However, opponents of homeopathy have intensified their activity in the recent years. The attacks of the opponents of homeopathy, with their unfounded claims that it is totally explained by the placebo effect, can largely be explained by complexity of understanding the mechanism of action of these remedies which does not fit into the established concepts the effect of drugs on the body. That is why further study of homeopathic phenomenon is especially important in these days. In order to disproof the opinion that homeopathic phenomenon is explained by placebo effect, we have been studying the effect homeopathic remedies on vegetable growth and ripening. This choice was based on the hope that the opponents of homeopathy would not be able to accuse plants of self-suggestion under the effect of potentiated remedies. There are many publications about application of homeopathic remedies on plants. For example, in this direction such researchers as Stephan Baumgartner, Carneiro SMTPG, Rossi F, Carvalho LM, Bonato CM, Betti L, Lazzarato L V. Majewsky, and other researchers worked. Methods: Our first experiments that we performed during two years demonstrated a significant improvement of growth and ripening variables when homeopathic remedies were added to fertilizing mixtures, as compared with conventional plant care. Tomatoes of Typhoon F1 and Titan breeds were sued to study the effect of homeopathic remedies on plant growth and ripening. The studies were performed in greenhouse conditions in summer 2009 and 2010, on fertile soils of an experimental farm in the Krasnoselskiy district of the Leningrad region. Every study group of a certain tomato breed contained 20 plants. When the young plants were planted in the soil they were watered with adding Coca 1000 СН remedy, and then in one month the upper part of the plant was sprayed with Echinacea 30 СН. The same amounts of similar plants of the same breeds treated according to conventional agricultural technology were used as a control group. Results: As a result earlier ripening was found in the Typhoon F1 tomato breed: it occurred by 19 days earlier: that is by 18.3% than in the control group. The Titan tomatoes group ripened by 14.3% faster than in the control one. Every plant of the Typhoon breed produced an average of 45 tomato fruits, while in the control group the average number amounted to 14 (i.e. there was an increase of 221.4% in the test group). An average of 78 tomato fruits were produced by the Titan breed plants, while in the control group this number was only 20 (increase by 290%). Mean weight of the Typhoon tomato fruit increased by 59.5 g from the control values, i.e. by 180.8%. Mean weight of the Titan tomato fruit increased by 128.5 i.e. by 208.9%. A notable difference was found by all observers in the taste of experimental and control vegetables. The experimental plants had significantly better taste characteristics and they were also more resistant to buck eye rot. Conclusion: In such a way, the studies performed confirm the existence of homeopathic phenomenon in live organisms in the absence of the placebo effect. It has been demonstrated that the use of homeopathic remedies is effective in improvement of agricultural productivity. Plants are unique model for research of ultrahigh dilutions of substances.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Bryukhanov ◽  
V. D. Popov ◽  
E. V. Vasilev ◽  
E. V. Shalavina ◽  
R. A. Uvarov

The intensifi cation of agricultural production has led to the disruption of nutrient cycles in agroecosystems. In livestock farming, one of the key problems is the low degree of using secondary resources (organic fertilizers based on manure and manure). (Research purpose) To substantiate the basic principles of assessing the agroecosystem environmental sustainability and to develop engineering methods for ensuring environmental safety in livestock farming. (Materials and methods) To solve the problems of agroecological assessment, eff ective technology choice and intelligent system creation, the following indicators were used: 1. specifi c density of animals (mainly for macro-assessment); 2. nutrient balance (the diff erence in the amount of nitrogen available in the formed organic fertilizers with environmentally safe consumption); 3. nitrogen losses during the disposal of organic waste from livestock farming; 4.the eff ectiveness of implementing the best available techniques (BAT). (Results and discussion) Using the assessment of indicators 1 and 2 in the case of the Leningrad region, it was revealed that 3 districts are classifi ed as territories with an excessive risk to the environment, 1 district is classifi ed as a territory with a high risk, 5 districts – with an acceptable risk, and 8 districts – with a low risk to the environment. To solve problems in areas with excessive and high load, we conducted an assessment on indicators 3 and 4, which allowed us to explore technical solutions and select the BAT to reduce the environmental burden. The obtained results showed that among the main technical solutions in the fi eld of organic waste management of livestock farming are biofermentation and the introduction of liquid organic fertilizers. Biofermentation in special chambers can reduce emissions of polluting gases by more than 2 times, and speed up the processing process by more than 60 times. To work with liquid organic fertilizers, intelligent machines with low-emission working bodies have been developed to reduce nitrogen losses during application by up to 50 percent. To solve the problems of agricultural monitoring and engineering solution management, a digital system has been developed that allows to model scenarios of technological development and their impact on the agroecosystem environmental sustainability. (Conclusions) The results obtained allow us to systematically analyze the problems of agroecosystem environmental sustainability and propose specifi c technical and optimization solutions for livestock farming.


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