scholarly journals The mystery of technological leadership. The review of K. Davids’ book “The rise and decline of Dutch technological leadership. Technology, economy and culture in the Netherlands, 1350–1800”

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-234
Author(s):  
Viktor Kupriyanov
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Technology Policy ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
History Of Technology ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Technological Leadership ◽  
History Of

The article deals with the critical review of the book by the Dutch economic historian K. Davids published in 2019 in Russian translation – “The rise and decline of Dutch technological leadership. Technology, economy and culture in the Netherlands, 1350-1800”. The author gives a detailed analysis of the main ideas of Davids’s book and shows their relevance to the modern problems of science of science. The structure and main content of the book under review is revealed. The author shows that the most important conclusion of the book concerns the author’s thesis that Dutch technological leadership was based on a successful combination of non-economic factors, among which science is has a special importance as the basis for technological creativity. The author analyses K. Davids’s book in the context of economic theory and gives a detailed account of the concepts of economic growth which are interesting and important for the history of technology. The review reveals the role of patents in the history of technology. The author of the article shows that Davids’ research provides an important material for discussions about science and technology policy. It is pointed out that modern Russian science policy is characterized by directiveness, while general encouragement of the market, social institutions, and especially basic science could serve as a more effective means of fighting for technological leadership.

scholarly journals “Social Credit System”: historical prerequisites and doctrinal grounds of the phenomenon

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-88
Author(s):  
Roman Z. Rouvinsky ◽  
Alexey A. Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Credit Scoring ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Social Credit ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Perspective

This article is dedicated to identification and examination of doctrinal grounds and historical prerequisites of the" Social Credit System (trustworthiness)” – a project introduced in the People’s Republic of China in the early 2000s, and currently being “exported” from People’s Republic of China to other countries. In the course of this research, the author analyzed the specific Chinese sources and prerequisites for the creation of modern social rating and control system, as well as non-national sources mostly attributed to the history of Western European political legal thought and Western social institutions. Viewing "Social Credit System" as a technique for exercising social control and oversight, the authors discover its origins in J. Bentham’s project" Panopticon ", Taylor’s philosophy of management, Confucian and legalistic traditions of Imperial China, ideas and institutions of the era of Chinese cultural revolution, as well as U.S. credit scoring systems. This article is the first within Russian science to study the historical and doctrinal prerequisites of China’s "Social Credit System”, taking into account the works of foreign scholars dedicated to the history of its establishment.  A new perspective is given on the Confucian ideas the ideas of Fajia (Legalism) School, which are interpreted as complementary sources of the modern system of social control developed in PRC. The authors believe that China’s “Social Credit System” and the related techniques of control represent a so-called “bridge” that connects “Western” history of the development of social institutions with typically “Eastern” political and sociocultural tradition. In conclusion, attention is turned to the positive aspects, as well as “shadow” side of implementation of the mechanism of “Social Credit System”, “reverse” of this process and all accompanying problems thereof.

BOUNDARIES AND AUDIENCES OF NATIONAL HISTORIES OF SCIENCE: INSIGHTS FROM THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE NETHERLANDS

Nuncius ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-345
Author(s):  
ERNST HOMBURG
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
History Of Technology ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research

Abstracttitle ABSTRACT /title The present paper traces the evolution of writing national-oriented histories of science and technology of the Netherlands. Several episodes are distinguished. A first wave of national histories of science and technology was written during the first decades of the 19th century. These histories had a wide scope, which included science, technology, the humanities and the arts. A second wave, which lasted from about 1865 to 1900, was strongly connected to the rise of the scientific professions. Its focus was on the sciences per se, and on the Dutch "Golden Age" of the 17th century. A third wave occurred during and shortly after the Second World War. Its focus was mainly on the "Second Golden Age" of Dutch science (1870-1910), and its major audience were young boys that were to be recruited to the sciences. The second part of the paper discusses the growing influence of "contextualization" in both the history of science and the history of technology from about 1975 onwards. As a result, local factors often received more attention in historical studies of science and technology than national influences. In 1985, Klaas van Berkel undertook a bold attempt to write a new synthesis of the history of Dutch science, but his approach was too strongly influenced by the three previous waves of national histories. From 1989 to 2003 two projects on the national history of technology resulted in 13 volumes on Dutch technology between 1800 and 1970. New research was initiated, and the issue of "national styles" in the development of technology received ample attention. In his conclusions the author points to lessons to be learned from economic history and the history of art, and he concludes with a plea for more historiographical discussion in the history of science and technology.

scholarly journals Representation of History of Russian Science on the Pages of Electronic Calendars of Significant and Memorable Dates

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-482
Author(s):  
Inna G. Yudina ◽  
Elena A. Bazyleva
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

In view of approaching the 300th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in connection with the relevance of the topic, the authors have prepared review of the resources devoted to the history of Russian science. The key moments of history, events from the lives of prominent people are reflected on the pages of calendars of significant and memorable dates. The uniqueness of these publications lies in the fact that they bring together diverse facts, while the materials are systematized in accordance with the chronology and upcoming anniversaries. Attracting a large amount of factual information makes calendars an indispensable tool for planning communication and organizational mass activities of various institutions.The purpose of this work is to identify information products of chronological nature, to study the specifics of providing information in them about Russian science, as well as structural, format and technological features of implementation of selected resources. In the course of monitoring the web space, we found about thirty narrowly theme-based electronic resources. Further, we carefully analysed each resource in accordance with the evaluation criteria on content, structure and implementation technology. We selected about half of the identified resources for more detailed study. Due to the fact that electronic calendars of significant and memorable dates are formed by various organizations — academic and University libraries, archives, research institutes, etc., the authors decided to group resources according to the type of institutions that prepared them, and to describe them in accordance with this principle. The largest number of electronic calendars was found on the websites of research institutions and University libraries. As for the personnel of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the most complete and voluminous resource in its content is formed by the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Analysis of the content of calendars indicates that their content may be limited to the history of particular institution, research centre or regional branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The exception is the resource “Anniversaries of the Members of RAS” by the RAS Archive, which gives the idea of the Academy’s personnel potential throughout its history.It is obvious that the work on the formation and promotion of resources in the electronic environment that highlight significant events in the history of the Russian Academy of Sciences contributes to the dissemination of knowledge about scientists, scientific achievements and developments of research institutes and is effective means of popularizing science.

Haemostatic Parameters and Lifestyle Factors in Elderly Men in Italy and The Netherlands

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fransje C H Bijnen ◽  
Edith J M Feskens ◽  
Simona Giampaoli ◽  
Alessandro Menotti ◽  
Flaminio Fidanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Factor X ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
History Of

SummaryThe association between plasma fibrinogen, factor VII, factor X, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin III and the lifestyle factors cigarette smoking, alcohol use, fat intake and physical activity was assessed in 802 men aged 70-90 years in Zutphen (The Netherlands), Montegiorgio and Crevalcore (Italy).Smoking was positively associated with fibrinogen, also after adjustment for other lifestyle factors, age, use of anticoagulants and aspirin like drugs, body mass index, and history of myocardial infarction. Alcohol use was associated with increased levels of factor X and decreased levels of antithrombin III. Fat intake was positively associated with antithrombin III. Between cohorts, considerable differences were observed in levels of haemostatic parameters and the lifestyle factors. Compared to the mediterranean cohorts the Zutphen cohort showed the highest levels of fibrinogen and factor VII. Differences in lifestyle factors could, however, not explain differences between cohorts in levels of any of the haemostatic parameters, despite the observed associations between lifestyle factors and haemostatic parameters.

Muscovy and the Tatars

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-431
Author(s):  
Bulat R. Rakhimzianov
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The Political ◽  
East European ◽  
Central Eurasia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Forest Line ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article explores relations between Muscovy and the so-called Later Golden Horde successor states that existed during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries on the territory of Desht-i Qipchaq (the Qipchaq Steppe, a part of the East European steppe bounded roughly by the Oskol and Tobol rivers, the steppe-forest line, and the Caspian and Aral Seas). As a part of, and later a successor to, the Juchid ulus (also known as the Golden Horde), Muscovy adopted a number of its political and social institutions. The most crucial events in the almost six-century-long history of relations between Muscovy and the Tatars (13–18th centuries) were the Mongol invasion of the Northern, Eastern and parts of the Southern Rus’ principalities between 1237 and 1241, and the Muscovite annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates between 1552 and 1556. According to the model proposed here, the Tatars began as the dominant partner in these mutual relations; however, from the beginning of the seventeenth century this role was gradually inverted. Indicators of a change in the relationship between the Muscovite grand principality and the Golden Horde can be found in the diplomatic contacts between Muscovy and the Tatar khanates. The main goal of the article is to reveal the changing position of Muscovy within the system of the Later Golden Horde successor states. An additional goal is to revisit the role of the Tatar khanates in the political history of Central Eurasia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

KAZAKH MUSIC CULTURE ON THE GLOBALIZATION CROSSROADS: ETHNIC TRADITIONS VERSUS COMPOSER SCHOOL IN INTERCULTURAL INTERACTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 384 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
A. Raimkulova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Intercultural Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type

At the present stage, Kazakh musical culture is heterogeneous. It represents traditions coexisting at the same time and interacting with each other: Kazakh ethnic and newly established composer school (tradition). Examining changes in cultural landscapes of the 20th century I reveal the peculiarities of interaction and dialogue between two kinds of culture: ethnic and global (endogenous and exogenous). The procedures include the complex study of the history of Kazakh culture in the 20th century, stylistic analysis of traditional and composer’s music, semiotic approach to intercultural interaction, as far as a comparative analysis of oral and written music of 19th and 20th centuries. On one hand, dramatic changes in the structure of music culture were caused by external objective reasons: new industrial and postindustrial civilization phases (urbanization and information technologies); intensification of interaction with western (mainly Russian) cultures, etc. On the other hand, some changes were inspired by inner factors: diverse development of local song and kui (dombyra piece) traditions; Soviet cultural policy. As a result new type (or layer) of national culture – Kazakh composers’ music – appeared. It was connected with the formation of a national style based on transcriptions and borrowing. Traditional music was influenced by new social institutions (philharmonic halls, theatres, radio, conservatoire) that caused changes in the creative process (decrease of oral transmission, lack of traditional social context) as well as in the style (virtuoso performance, new genres of songs).

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