scholarly journals Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals in Mussels Collected from Madura Strait, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Defri Yona ◽  
Aida Sartimbul ◽  
Muhammad Arif Rahman ◽  
Syarifah Hikmah Julinda Sari ◽  
Priyanka Mondal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Essential Metals ◽  
Marine Mussels ◽  
Cu And Zn

HighlightHeavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the seawater, sediment, and soft part of marine mussels were analyzedBioaccumulation Factor (BAF), Estimated Daily Intake and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) were calculatedHeavy metals in the seawater, sediment and marine mussels were found in varying concentrationsHealth risk assessment indexes showed low values which means insignificant health hazardAbstractMarine mussels are known as one of the biological indicators of heavy metals pollution in the aquatic environment and the sources of protein for human consumption. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the seawater, sediment, and soft parts of the marine mussels (Perna viridis, Meretrix sp., and Anadara granosa), as well as to evaluate its health risk of consumption from Madura Strait, Indonesia. The seawater, sediment, and marine mussels were obtained from four sites and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. In the seawater, heavy metals were in the order of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn from the highest to the lowest concentration respectively, while they went down in the order of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the sediment respectively. Excluding the Pb, higher Cu and Zn concentrations were observed in marine mussels than in seawater and sediments (BAF> 1). Furthermore, it was proven that Cu and Zn were considered as essential metals and required for metabolism, while Pb and Cd were non-essential metals which their biological functions were unknown. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of the marine mussels was lower than the oral reference dose (ORD) and low values of target hazard quotient (THQ < 1) had shown that the consumption of mussels containing heavy metals would not cause significant health risks to humans. The health risk assessment indexes showed low values, which meant insignificant health hazard. However, long-term exposure and the impact of consuming mussels containing heavy metals may require additional investigation

Concentrations and related health risk assessment of pesticides, phthalates and heavy metals in strawberry from Shanghai, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-ce Shao ◽  
Yang-yang Zang ◽  
Hai-yao Ma ◽  
Ye Ling ◽  
Zhen-peng Kai
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Pesticides Residues

In the present study, a risk assessment of pesticides, phthalates and heavy metals in strawberries (n = 335) in recent years was conducted by determining the out estimate dietary intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) . 128 Pesticides, 18 phthalates and 3 heavy metals were determined in this determination. 51 pesticide residues were detected in the strawberry samples, and 97.91% samples had levels of at least one of the 51 pesticides above the LOD (limit of detection). 2.39% of samples had pesticides higher than the Chinese MRL. Multiple pesticides residues were detected in most samples. Bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were detected in the strawberry samples with high frequency of detection. Their detectable rates were 100, 100 and 89.9%, respectively. Most of the samples were detected lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) with the detectable rates 75.76, 92.93 and 92.93%, respectively. Estimated daily intake of analyzed pesticide, phthalate and heavy metal residues appear to be relatively low compared to the ADI. The average THQs and HI were less than one. That means the customers who are exposed to the average contaminants levels may not pose significant health risk. Our results show that the strawberries may be polluted by many kinds of contaminants. Therefore, monitoring of pesticides, phthalates and heavy metal residues in strawberries should be increasingly developed in order to fully protect the health of the consumer.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Selected Heavy Metals in Cocoyam from Three Quarry Sites in Old Netim, Cross River State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
P. O. Odey ◽  
F. C. Anacletus ◽  
M. O. Wegwu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State

This study assessed health risk assessment of heavy metals in cocoyam from three quarry sites in Akamkpa LGA, Cross River State, Nigeria. Cocoyam tubers were obtained from three quarry sites in Oban Okoroba, each 4.5 kilometers apart and 20 kilometers from the control site. Cocoyam tubers were obtained from 0km, 0.2km, 0.4km, and 0.6km. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to determine the content of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Arsenic (As) and Manganese (Mn), showing relative abundance across all sites and samples in the sequence Mn > Cu > Pb > As > Cd. Quarry site D had highest levels of Mn, As and Cu (50.003 ± 5.478 mgkg-1, 0.207 ± 0.184 and 4.522 ± 1.204mgkg-1). Quarry site C and B respectively had the highest levels of Pb and Cd (1.136 ± 0.267 mgkg-1 and 0.041 ± 0.028 mgkg-1). Results of Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Life Carcinogenic Risk (LCR) showed ingestion of cocoyam tubers from Old Netim is safe and devoid of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. THI on the other hand revealed non-carcinogenic threat may result from prolonged ingestion of cocoyam tubers cultivated within quarry sites in Old Netim.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment of Five Toxic Metals Concentration in Soil, Water and Seasonal Vegetables and Fruits from Pakistan-Afghanistan Border, Torkham

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 4089-4104
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Heavy metals are of serious concern for human health and food security. The risk to human health is directly related to soil and water pollution, which enter the food chain (vegetables and fruits). The current study was designed to investigate the heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Zn) concentrations in five vegetables (Potato, Tomato, Turnip, Onion & Taro) and five fruits (Banana, Apple, Grapes, Pomegranate, and Guava) samples. We also estimated metal concentrations in water and soil samples. Torkham, a border region between Afghanistan and Pakistan, was selected for the purpose. The analysis was performed on Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS, Perkin- Elmer 700). In vegetables, the highest Pb and Ni were recorded in Potatoes (0.34 ± 0.066) and Onions (0.278 ± 0.021). While in tomatoes, the highest concentrations of Cd (0.90± 0.115), Zn (0.726 ± 0.008), and Cr (1.761 ± 0.028) were noted. While, in fruits the highest levels of Pb (0.32± 0.03), Cd (0.61 ± 0.0119), Zn (0.357 ± 0.0047) and Ni (0.111 ± 0.0128), while in apples we noted the highest Cr levels (0.789 ± 0.0452). We compared the metal concentrations with permissible limits set by World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization (WHO/FAO). In the majority of the samples, the metal levels exceeded the permissible limits, while few were found within the safe limits. Based on heavy metals concentrations in soil, water, vegetables, and fruit samples. We calculated the health risk assessment, i.e., daily intake of metals (DIM) estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ), carcinogenic risk (CR), health risk index (HRI) and contamination factor (CF). The EDI for Ni and Zn was in the safest region. While for Cd and Pb, the highest EDI was recorded in tomatoes (0.394) and guava (0.303), respectively. Similarly, Cr poses’ serious risk with the highest EDI in tomatoes (0.771), apples (0.563), turnip (0.393), guava (0.282), and banana (0.263). If HRI, THQ THQ, and TTHQ are less than one (< 1), it means the exposed populations are not at risk. In the present HRI, THQ and TTHQ were found to be less than one. The contamination factor for Ni and Zn was found to be considerable (CF<6), while Pb, Cd, and Cr presented the highest contamination degree (CF>6). This study suggested that some samples may impose a certain degree of potential health risk. It is required that proper action should be taken to avoid chronic exposure and consequent adverse health effects.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Consumption of Vegetables Irrigated with Tin Mine Pond Water in Jos – South, Plateau State

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Mafuyai ◽  
S. Ugbidye ◽  
G. I. Ezekiel
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Plateau State

The water range from Pb (1.439 – 1.715), Cu (0.234 – 0.377), Cd (0.838 – 1.346), Zn (0.448 – 1.110), Cr (0.144 – 0.794), Mn (0.777 – 2.011) and As (0.584 – 1.341) mg/L.  The range in soil was Pb (67.5 – 120), Cu (8.51 – 32.5), Cd (0.21 – 1.72), Zn (70.8 – 85.6), Cr (15.8 – 29.5), Mn (14.6 – 19.1) and As (52.0 – 198) mg/kg and  in the vegetables in the range of Pb (0.177 – 0.545), Cu (0.073 – 0.748), Cd (0.005 – 0.019), Zn (0.264 – 0.915), Cr (0.089 – 0.158), Mn (0.162 – 0.253) and As (0.032 – 0.245) mg/kg. The study shows that the transfer coefficient of the heavy metals to vegetable was less than one (< 1). The estimated daily intake (DIM) of heavy metals from vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water were in the order: Cd > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > As.  The health risk index (HRI) of all the studied heavy metals indicated that all vegetables were safe with no risk to human health except for Cd.  health risk assessment of heavy metals in consumption of vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water in Jos - South, Plateau State

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment for Carcinogenic and Non Carcinogenic Heavy Metal Exposure from Hibiscus Leaf Cultivated in Katsina State, North West Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. I. Yaradua ◽  
A. J. Alhassan ◽  
A. Nasir ◽  
K. I. Matazu ◽  
A. Usman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Mean Concentration

This study was conducted to determine the heavy metals concentration in Hibiscus leaves cultivated in Katsina State Nigeria. The objectives were mainly to detect the presence of heavy metals in the cultivated Hibiscus leaves in the study area, compare the concentration of heavy metals in samples in relation to the permissible limits specified by WHO/FAO/USEPA Standards. Samples of cultivated Hibiscus leaves were collected in the year 2017 from the selected area.  Analysis for the concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. The health risks to the local inhabitants from the consumption of the samples were evaluated based on the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ). The possibility of cancer risks for the adult and children population through intake of carcinogenic heavy metals in the samples was estimated using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR). Results from this study shows that with the exception of Pb with mean concentration of (0.508-0.978), the mean concentration (mg/kg) range values of Cr (0.135-0.261), Cd (0.042-0.051), Fe (0.684-0.978) and Zn (1.048-1.208) in the samples were generally lower than the USEPA, WHO/FAO maximum permissive limits. The results have indicated that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the heavy metals were lower than the tolerable daily intake limit set by the USEPA in both samples and the health risk index (HRI) for all the heavy metals were <1. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for the samples for both the adult and children population was in the decreasing order of Zn>Pb>Fe>Cr>Cd. ILCR for Cd is below the threshold risk limit (>10−5) and ILCR for Pb reached the moderate risk limit (>10−3) in all the studied samples in adults, While in children ILCR for both Pb and Cd in samples from Dabai, Daura, Funtua, Matazu and Zango for all samples have reached the moderate risk limit (>10−3), while the ILCR for Pb in samples from Birchi, Dutsinma, Kafur, Katsina and Malunfashi were beyond the moderate risk level (>10−2). The sampling area trend of risk for developing cancer as a result of consuming the studied samples showed: Funtua > Daura > Dutsinma > Katsina > Malunfashi > Matazu > Zango > Ingawa > Kafur > Dabai > Birchi for both adult and children, cumulative cancer risk (∑ILCR) of all the studied Hibiscus samples have reached the moderate risk limit (>10−3) in adult. While in children with the exception of the sample from Birchi, Dabai and Kafur which are within the moderate cancer risk (>10−3) limit, all other samples were beyond the moderate cancer risk (>10−2) limit. The study suggests that consumption of the studied samples in Katsina state is of public health concern as they may contribute to the population cancer burden. 

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Three Species of Mollusks (Egeria radiata, Limicolaria flammea and Viviparus contectus) from Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
I. Felagha ◽  
M. O. Monanu ◽  
B. A. Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Risk

Heavy metals pose a threat to human health and their presence in specific matrices is anthropogenic. The work focuses on the penetration of the food chain through the ingestion of mollusk proteins. This study evaluated the composition of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn) in three species of mollusks (Limicolaria flammea, Viviparus contectus, Egeria radiata) from Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria and the health risk associated with their consumption. Heavy metals concentration was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Health risk associated with consumption of the samples were assessed by Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Carcinogenic Risk (CR). EDI, THQ and CR were done by calculation following standards. Heavy metals concentration range in the samples were: Cd (0.289±0.00 mg/kg - 0.667±0.00 mg/kg), Mn (0.816±0.00 mg/kg - 0.934±0.00 mg/kg), Pb (0.082±0.00 mg/kg - 0.092±0.00 mg/kg) and Zn (4.114±0.00 mg/kg - 8.534±0.00 mg/kg); Cr was not detected in neither of the samples.  EDI of heavy metals through consumption of these samples were within acceptable limits for all heavy metals detected. THQ ranges were as follows: Cd (0.4949-1.1420), Mn (0.000017-0.000019), Pb (0.0401 - 0.0450) and Zn (0.0016 - 0.0066).  THQ values indicate that there is no human risk concern of risk for humans except Cd (in E. radiata). CR values for Cd were as follows: L. flammea (3.8×10-3), E. radiata (4.34×10-4) and V. contectus (1.88×10-4). CR values were within acceptable limits with the exception of Cd in L. flammea. The present study shows that the samples contained detectable levels of heavy metals however their consumption do not pose any form of health risk with the except for Cd in L. flammea, hence the carcinogenic role of L. flammea stands out for its high content of Cd.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals in the Guava (Psidium guajava) for Their Health Risk Assessment in Kluang, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chee Kong Yap ◽  
Azlini Razali ◽  
Rosimah Nulit ◽  
Shih Hao Tony Peng ◽  
Chee Wah Yap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient

This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe) in different parts of guava (pulps, peels and seeds) and its topsoil collected from Kluang, Malaysia, and to assess their effects on human health. The level of metals was determined using acid digestion method and atomic absorption spectrometry. The result showed that the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in all parts of guava were above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. However, the value of heavy metals in the topsoil were below the WHO limit. The concentration order of the metals in the guava's pulps was Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > Ni. The contamination factor (Cf ) calculated from the topsoil were low for Cu, Zn and Ni and moderate for Pb. However, potential ecological risk (Er) of individual metal ranged from 0.25-7.58 for Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni was low. The potential non-carcinogenic health risk for consumers was assessed using estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ). The contribution of heavy metals to the EDI for all consumers followed the order of Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > Ni. The THQ values are all below 1 for all five metals tested, indicating no potential risk to the consumers. We suggest that the Kluang's guava is safe to consume. However, regular monitoring and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in the guava is recommended to be carried out.

scholarly journals HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION AND HUMAN HEALTH RISK FROM SELECTED FISH IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chima Fausta Nnodum ◽  
Kafeelah Abosede Yusuf ◽  
Comfort Adetutu Adeniji
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient

Abstract: Introduction : Heavy metals are known to cause deleterious effects on human health through food chain. Aims: The study is aimed at assessing heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of four highly consumed fish species and to evaluate the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Materials and Methods: The concentrations of Cu, Cd and Pb were analyzed in the tissues of Titus (Scomber Japonicus), Croaker (Pseudolithus Elongatus), Scumbia (Ilisha Africana) and Shrimps (Pipeus Notialis) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) after digestion of the samples. Results: The results showed that Cd was not detected in the tissues of all fish species. There were variations among Cu and Pb concentrations in the tissues of the fish species. Cu had the highest concentrations (1.00 µg/g) in the tissues of croaker and shrimps respectively while Pb had the lowest concentrations (0.25 µg/g) in the tissues of Scumbia . The levels of all metals in the present study were lower than the limits permitted by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), European Community Regulation (EU) and European Commission (EC). Assessment of noncarcinogenic health hazard using Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) indicated no concern from consumption of these fish species. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the studied metals through fish consumption was below the permissible tolerable daily intake. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is no potential human health risk from consumption of the selected fish species. Keywords: Heavy metals, Hazard index, Target hazard quotient.

scholarly journals Assessment of Some Heavy Metals and Their Health Risk on Some Vegetables Cultivated in Kwadon Farmlands, Gombe, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Usman Abubakar Adamu ◽  
Adamu Baba Mohammed ◽  
Friday Yuguda ◽  
Buhari Magaji
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Health Risk Index ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus

Aim: The present study was aimed to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu and Cd) in waterleaf (Talinum triangulare), lettuce (Lectuca sativa) and spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) from three farmlands. Study Design and Place of Study: The research was carried out at Kwadon in Yamaltu Deba local Government of Gombe State, Kwadon is located between latitude 10.270ºN and longitude 11.28ºE. Methodology: The heavy metal concentration in the vegetables was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The result showed that the heavy metals concentration in the vegetables across the farms ranges from 2.0–34.4 mg/kg for Mn, 0.025 mg/kg for Cd, 1.7–23.7 mg/kg for Cr, 0.2–1.0% for Cu. The concentration of Mn and Cr are higher than the permissible limit of FAO/WHO in vegetables. To assess the health risk associated with the heavy metals concentration from these vegetables, daily intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated. The daily intake of metals in vegetable species for Mn (0.17–2.81), Cd (2.1), Cu (0.02–0.08), Cr (0.1–2.0) are significantly higher than the recommended daily intake of metals and the upper tolerable daily levels. Conclusion: This result reflects the risk associated with exposure for the period of life expectancy considered and the inhabitant, are highly exposed to the health risk associated with these metals.

scholarly journals Concentration of cadmium, arsenic, and lead in rice (Oryza sativa) and probabilistic health risk assessment: A case study in Hormozgan province, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Leila Rezaei ◽  
Vali Alipour ◽  
Parisa Sharafi ◽  
Hamidreza Ghaffari ◽  
Amene Nematollahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Target Hazard Quotient ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Rice Samples

Background: The presence of toxic heavy metals in cereal grains like rice is one of the main human and environmental health concerns. Their importance is because of their non-biodegradability nature, high half-time, and bioaccumulation ability in the human body. Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) are most critical, so their concentrations in rice were evaluated in this study. Methods: In this study, the concentration of Cd and Pb was determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GF-AAS), while the concentration of As was measured by atomic spectrum poll after acid digestion of the milled rice samples. The probabilistic health risk assessment of Cd, As, and Pb through consumption of different types of rice including local rice and two types imported from India (IND) and Pakistan (PAK), was estimated for the adults in Hormozgan province using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. Results: It was revealed that the concentrations of all Cd, As, and Pb in the local rice samples were lower than those in the PAK and IND samples. The average concentration of As, Pb, and Cd in the rice samples were 0.045, 0.057, and 0.022 mg/kg, respectively. The estimated total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) for this population was lower than 1, representing negligible non-carcinogenic risk through rice consumption. However, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) via As intake showed a considerable carcinogenic risk (TCR > 1E-4) for this population. Conclusion: According to the results, it is necessary to perform continuous monitoring for concentration of Cd, As, and Pb especially in the imported rice samples.

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