scholarly journals From the History of the Infection Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 416-423
Author(s):  
L. M. Farkhutdinova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Spontaneous Generation ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secondary Phenomenon ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reflects the development of ideas about infection, from the ancient period to the present day. In the V century Hippocrates proposed a miasmatic theory, according to which diseases are caused by harmful fumes. This paradigm remained dominant for 2.5 millennia. Although the existence of microorganisms has been known since 1676, when they were first described by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, for a long time the detection of microbes in the biosubstrates of a sick person was considered as a secondary phenomenon in relation to the disease. The theoretical basis for such ideas was the concept of spontaneous generation, which has dominated since the time of Aristotle. The change from the miasmatic theory to the infectious paradigm was due to the fundamental discoveries of Louis Pasteur, who proved the biological nature of fermentation and the infectious genesis of silkworm diseases. The listed discoveries put an end to the discussion about spontaneous generation, became the scientific justification for asepsis and antiseptics and aimed at searching for pathogens of infectious human diseases, which led to a surge in discoveries in microbiology. The causative agents of fever (1868), leprosy (1873), anthrax (1876), tuberculosis (1882), cholera (1883), diphtheria (1884), plague (1894), etc. were discovered. As a result, the infectious theory finally conquered the world. An important achievement of the late 19th century was the allocation of a new type of infectious agents — viruses, which make up the most numerous form of life. With the recognition of the infectious theory at the end of the 19th century an active search for antimicrobial agents began. In 1943, the mass production of the first antibiotic, penicillin, was launched, the discovery of which is called one of the most outstanding achievements in the history of mankind. The use of antimicrobial drugs, along with mass vaccination, led to a significant decrease in the share of infectious diseases in the structure of mortality.

scholarly journals The path of logic in Ukraine

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 51-67
Author(s):  
И.В. Хоменко
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
History Of Logic ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper traces the development of history of logic in Ukraine in the 19th century and early 20th century. The author particularly discusses and compares the logical concepts of representatives of Kyiv philosophies, who made their contribution to the development of logic as a science and academic discipline. Some of them had sunk into oblivion for a long time and their names are still unknown in the logic community.

scholarly journals Devdoraki Glacier, Kazbek: history of studies of natural hazards in XIX and the beginning of XXI centuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Asoyan ◽  
O. V. Rototaeva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glacier Surges ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Devdorak Glacier located on the Eastern slope of Mt. Kazbek is known since the end of the 19th century for its catastrophic ice discharges into the river Terek canyon. The so-called «Kazbek blockages» stopped the river flow, thus leading to formation of a dammed lake. The lake was then broken through by the heavy floods. Evidences of such events are available for 1776, 1785, 1808, 1817, and 1832. Later on, the glacier surges did sometimes occur, but they never reached the river. The blockages interrupted the traffic on the Georgian Military Highway – the basic way across the main ridge of the Caucasus, for long time periods. Investigations of the Devdorak and other Mt. Kazbek glaciers were organized in 1862 and lasted until the end of 19th century. But the scientists could not reach a common consensus in resolving the main issues, i.e. the causes of the «blockages» and possibilities of their soon repetitions. Different hypotheses explaining the ice discharges by either morphology of the glacier and the river valley or by earthquakes were proposed. Some authors insisted on a probability of occurrence of new «blockages». But the mostly widespread opinion was that since all the Kazbek glaciers were in the state of degradation any risk of new «blockages» was absent while this tendency remained. Since the previous disasters, the Devdorak Glacier posed no threat for about two centuries. However in May 2014, a huge downfall of rock and ice suddenly came down on the glacier in its upper zone. As a result a large mass of rock, stones, and mud blocked the Terek river bed again. This event was not related to regime of the glacier itself. Most likely it was a new manifestation of the Mt. Kazbek volcanic activity.

scholarly journals IL LUNGO CAMMINO DEI MERCANTI DI SAPIENZA. LE ORIGINI DELL’UNIVERSITÀ DI PAVIA NELLA STORIOGRAFIA DAL XIV AL XX SECOLO

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of The University ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Recent Idea

This paper offers a contribution to the history of historiography on the University of Pavia. The Author takes into account both the treaties explicitly dealing (since the 18th Century) with the history of the University, but also all the evidence of a historical consciousness about the origins and history of the University; such a historical consciousness started to appear in 1361, when the Visconti Family officially founded the University. Particular attention is paid to the three interpretations about the foundation (origo), which has been attributed to the Lombard Kings, to Charlemagne and to Lothair I. For a long time there was a widespread belief in Europe that the University of Pavia had been founded by Charlemagne, simultaneously with the University of Paris; the creator of this tradition (based on the history of Charlemagne written by Notker the Stammerer) was Barthélemy de Chasseneuz, in 1525. The attribution of the founding to Lothair in 825 is only a recent idea, which has been nourished, with different intentions, by the 19th Century German legal historians who discovered a school of Lombard Law in Pavia (attested since at least the 10th Century) and by the Celebrations held in Pavia in 1925.

scholarly journals In search of the foundations of the Russian Enlightenment in Pyotr Chaadayev and Ivan Kireevsky: the history of Pyotr Chaadayev’s “Note” to Alexander von Benkendorf

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Irina F. Shcherbatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Secret Police ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article analyses Pyotr Chaadayev’s “Note” (1832), a message addressed to Alexan­der von Benkendorf, who served as head of the secret police under Nikolas I. “The Note” is essentially a letter that supports Ivan Kireevsky’s article entitled “The 19th Century”, which Kireevsky published in his magazine – “The European” – and which provoked the secret police to close the magazine right after the publication of the article in 1832. “The Note” is a somewhat enigmatic text because it was signed with Kireevsky’s name, which for a long time made researchers believe that it reflected Kireevsky’s position. However, in the 1930s, researchers proved that the actual author of “The Note” was Pyotr Chaadayev, and that “The Note” contained his thoughts. “The Note” shows that it was the July Revolution of 1830 that temporarily undermined Chaa­dayev’s belief in Europe and made Chaadayev shift from the negative philosophy of Russian history and the Eurocentrism of his “Philosophical Letters” (1829–1830) to­wards the idea of Russia’s historical mission, despite Russia’s backwardness. This back­wardness was later presented in the text “Apology of a Madman” (1837) as the idea of Providence guiding Russia through history. The present article argues that in the early 1830s, Kireevsky did not share Chaadayev’s belief in Providence. “The Note” reads as a very ambivalent text because Chaadayev used it to both vindicate Kireevsky’s article, and to set forth his own philosophy of history. In the present paper, the author separates these two types of arguments and concepts which were tightly interwoven in “The Note”, but were in fact reflections of two different, although unstable and somewhat overlap­ping, positions of two philosophers.

scholarly journals POSTULAT KESEJAJARAN EUCLID DALAM TINJAUAN SEJARAH

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Agung Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper tracks the history of Euclid’s fifth postulate or parallel postulate. It is a long term postulate and dificult to be understood, and can evoke misunderstanding. Moreover, this postulate had evoked discourse among mathematicians about its dependency with other postulates for a long time untill the 19th century. The discourse related to assuredness of mathematician after Euclid’s era is whether or not Euclid’s fifth postulate can be deduced from other four postulates. But, the discourse became precisely a cause of finding of new geometry system, called non-Euclide geometry.

MASJID BESAR RAJA HAJI ABDUL GHANI PULAU BURU KEPULAUAN RIAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurman Kholis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
District Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Level Government

Abstract. Many Muslims in the Riau Islands do not know the history of the development of Islamic theory from the center of power to spread to various corners. This is as the existence of the Great Mosque of Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) on Buru Island, Karimun. Thus, to uncover the existence of this mosque, qualitative research methods are used so that history, architecture, and socio-religious functions can be known. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the establishment of MBRHAG was initiated by Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. He was the first Amir (sub-district level government) of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga on Buru Island, in the 19th century. The architecture is a Chinese. Therefore, on the right side of this mosque is around 200 m, there is also the Sam Po Teng Temple and the Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Thus, the close location of the mosque with Chinese and Confucian worship houses's shows a harmonious relationship between Malay Muslims and Chinese Buddhists. In fact, in the continuation of this relationship there was information that a Chinese Buddhist had joined a Muslim friend to fast for half a month of Ramadan.Keywords: Mosque, Malay Muslims, Chinese Buddhists/Confucians, Harmonious RelationsAbstrak. Umat Islam di Kepulauan Riau banyak yang tidak mengenal sejarah perkembangan ajaran Islam dari pusat kekuasaan hingga tersebar ke berbagai pelosok. Hal ini sebagaimana keberadaan Masjid Besar Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) di Pulau Buru, Karimun. Dengan demikian, untuk mengungkapkan keberadaan masjid ini digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif  agar dapat diketahui sejarah, arsitektur, dan fungsi sosial keagamaannya.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pendirian MBRHAG diprakarsai oleh Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. Ia adalah Amir (pemerintah setingkat kecamatan) pertama kerajaan Riau-Lingga di Pulau Buru, pada abad ke-19. Adapun arsitekturnya adalah seorang Tionghoa. Karena itu, di sebelah kanan masjid ini sekitar 200 m juga terdapat Kelenteng Sam Po Teng dan cetya Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Dengan demikian, dekatnya lokasi masjid dengan rumah ibadah umat Tionghoa dan Khonghucu ini menunjukkan hubungan yang harmonis antara muslim Melayu dengan Budhis Tionghoa. Bahkan, dalam kelangsungan hubungan ini terdapat informasi seorang Buddhis Tionghoa pernah ikut temannya yang beragama muslim untuk berpuasa selama setengah bulan Ramadhan.Kata Kunci: Masjid, Muslim Melayu, Buddhis/Khonghucu Tionghoa, Hubungan Harmonis

On the nature of chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Fundamental Unity ◽  
The 19Th Century

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>

Bonobos

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

This is a comprehensive, illustrated catalogue of the 200+ marine chronometers in the collections of Royal Museums Greenwich. Every chronometer has been completely dismantled, studied and recorded, and illustrations include especially commissioned line drawings as well as photographs. The collection is also used to illustrate a newly researched and up-to-date chapter describing the history of the marine chronometer, so the book is much more than simply a catalogue. The history chapter naturally includes the story of John Harrison’s pioneering work in creating the first practical marine timekeepers, all four of which are included in the catalogue, newly photographed and described in minute detail for the first time. In fact full technical and historical data are provided for all of the marine chronometers in the collection, to an extent never before attempted, including biographical details of every maker represented. A chapter describes how the 19th century English chronometer was manufactured, and another provides comprehensive and logically arranged information on how to assess and date a given marine chronometer, something collectors and dealers find particularly difficult. For further help in identification of chronometers, appendices include a pictorial record of the number punches used by specific makers to number their movements, and the maker’s punches used by the rough movement makers. There is also a close-up pictorial guide to the various compensation balances used in chronometers in the collection, a technical Glossary of terms used in the catalogue text and a concordance of the various inventory numbers used in the collection over the years.

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