scholarly journals Review of Computational Methods on Brain Symmetric and Asymmetric Analysis from Neuroimaging Techniques

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kalavathi ◽  
K. Senthamilselvi ◽  
V. B. Surya Prasath
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Brain is the most complex organ in the human body and it is divided into two hemispheres - left and right hemispheres. Left hemisphere is responsible for control of right side of our body whereas right hemisphere is responsible for control of left side of our body. Brain image segmentation from different neuroimaging modalities is one of the important parts in clinical diagnostic tools. Neuroimaging based digital imagery generally contain noise, inhomogeneity, aliasing artifacts, and orientational deviations. Therefore, accurate segmentation of brain images is a very difficult task. However, the development of accurate segmentation of brain images is very important and crucial for a correct diagnosis of any brain related diseases. One of the fundamental segmentation tasks is to identify and segment inter-hemispheric fissure/mid-sagittal plane, which separate the two hemispheres of the brain. Moreover, the symmetric/asymmetric analyses of left and right hemispheres of brain structures are important for radiologists to analyze diseases such as Alzheimer's, Autism, Schizophrenia, Lesions and Epilepsy. Therefore, in this paper we have analyzed the existing computational techniques used to find brain symmetric/asymmetric analysis in various neuroimaging techniques (MRI/CT/PET/SPECT), which are utilized for detecting various brain related disorders.

Neurocomics and Neuroimaging

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Tougaw
Keyword(s):  
Brain Research ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Graphic Narratives ◽  
Novel Methods ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Cultural Responses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

This chapter examines a small number of recent graphic brain narratives that experiment with novel methods of visualizing the brain—including David B.’s Epileptic, Ellen Forney’s Marbles, and Matteo Farinella and Hana Ros’s Neurocomic. Tougaw argues that these narratives both draw from and challenge cultural responses to high-profile neuroimaging techniques, including PET and fMRI. Graphic narratives are a subcultural genre celebrated for their rebellious aesthetics and emphasis on narratives that challenge mainstream social and political assumptions. Brain scanning technologies are highly specialized tools that have revolutionized brain research and gained considerable mainstream attention. The mainstreaming of these technologies oversimplifies the images they produce, creating a widely held sense that they offer direct access to the brains they visualize. By contrast, graphic narratives put heavy emphasis on the aesthetic process involved in their making of brain images. While careful not to minimize these differences, the chapter argues that key similarities between neurocomics and neuroimaging techniques can be a means for clarifying the roles played by the sciences and the humanities in the cultural laboratory of contemporary neuromania.

scholarly journals Asymmetry in the content of brain monoamines of BALB/c mice reared in social isolation conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inessa Vladimirovna Karpova ◽  
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mikheyev ◽  
Yevgeniy Rudolfovich Bychkov ◽  
Andrey Andreyevich Lebedev ◽  
Petr Dmitriyevich Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Brain Monoamines ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

The effects of long-term social isolation on the content and metabolism of dopamine and serotonin systems were studied in symmetrical brain structures of BALB/c male mice. With HPLC the contents of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum of both the right and the left hemispheres of the brain in mice reared in groups and social isolation. The isolated mice were characterized by reduced level of DA in the left striatum and elevated level of 5-HIAA and ratio 5-HIAA/5-HT in the right striatum. In the hippocampus of isolated mice, the activation of both DA-ergic and 5-HT-ergic systems was observed, that is the high level of DA and DOPAC in the left hippocampus and the elevated level of 5-HT in both hemispheres and of 5-HIAA in the right hippocampus were registered. On the other hand, the reduction of both DA-ergic and 5-HT-ergic systems activity was shown to be in the right hemisphere. The decreased concentration of DOPAC and ratio DOPAC/DA in the right cortex were observed as well. As to 5-HT-ergic system, the reduced level of 5-HT in the both cortex of the hemispheres as well as 5-HIAA in the right hemisphere of isolated mice was determined. The phenomenon of interhemispheric asymmetry was revealed in the hippocampus only, which was characterized by the increased DA-ergic activity in the left hippocampus but not in the striatum and the cortex.

scholarly journals CHANGES OF THE LOCAL FUNCTIONAL BRAIN ACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH SPEECH DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WITH EPILEPSY AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY (PET STUDY)

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Khomenko ◽  
G. V. Kataeva ◽  
V. I. Kolomiec
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Metabolism Rate ◽  
Local Functional ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Functional Brain Activity ◽  
The Brain

PET study of cerebral glucose metabolism was performed in 73 children with epilepsy and mental retardation. Expressive speech disorders were associated with decrease of cerebral metabolism rate of glucose (CMRglu) in the upper frontal gyrus, caudate nucleus and thalamus of the left and right hemispheres. In the group with combined expressive and impressive speech disorders the significant CMRglu reduction in the middle temporal and supramarginal gyrus of the left hemisphere was observed. The obtained results confirm that the brain structures associated with the executive functions and complex association processes have a great significance in the speech development.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of organization of bioelectric brain activity in subclinical stage of epilepsy

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-403
Author(s):  
V. V. Sychev ◽  
V. N. Sychev ◽  
N. V. Shatrova
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Epileptiform Activity ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Bioelectric Activity ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain

According to some authors, changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the absence of clinical paroxysmal manifestations should be considered as subclinical epileptic manifestations. Verification of this hypothesis on the basis of the auto-spectral Fourier analysis of the EEG was the purpose of this work. Were examined in 27 women, mean age of 35.4±2.48 years, right-handed, without paroxysmal clinical and EEG manifestations (first group) and 25 women, mean age of 36.2±2.17 years, right-handed, without paroxysmal clinical manifestations, but with epileptiform activity on EEG (second group). In the second group were registered the increase in faverage of the brain EEG (p<0.001), while was increased faverage both of the left and right hemisphere (p<0.01). Zonal peculiarities of bioelectric activity of a brain of the second group surveyed was a significant increase in faverage EEG in all investigated leads (p<0.01), resulting in total liquidation of zonal differences (p>0.05). The results of the analysis allowed to conclude that the registration of the EEG epileptiform paroxysmal phenomena without clinical manifestations should be considered as a subclinical stage of epilepsy.

scholarly journals Behavioural lateralisation in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yngve Espmark ◽  
Knut Kinderås
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Average Group Size

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) kept in corrals or otherwise forced to clump typically start milling in response to stressing events. This behaviour is generally considered to have an antipredator effect. An inquiry on herd behaviour, to which 35 Norwegian reindeer husbandry districts responded, showed that 32 experienced that corralled rein&not;deer consistently circled leftwards, whereas the remaining three reported consistently rightward circling. Regular monitoring of a reindeer herd in central Norway over a two-year period (1993-94), and experimental studies on a fraction of the same herd, revealed the following traits. Free-ranging reindeer showed no right- or left-turning preference during grazing or browsing, but when the reindeer were driven into corrals or forced to clump in the open they invariably rotated leftwards. The circling of corralled reindeer was triggered at an average group size of 20 to 25 animals, apparently independently of the age and sex of the animals. When they dug craters in the snow to reach food, the reindeer used their left foreleg significantly more often than their right. In 23 out of 35 reindeer, the right hemisphere of the brain was heavier than the left. However, in the sample as a whole, the weights of the left and right hemispheres did not differ significantly. Lateralised behaviour in reindeer is thought to be determined by natural and stress induced asymmetries in brain structure and hormonal activity. In addition, learning is probably important for passing on the behaviour between herd members and generations. Differences in lateralised behaviour between nearby herds are thought to be related primarily to different exposure to stress and learning, whereas genetical and environmental fac&not;tors (e.g. diet), age structure and sex ratio are probably more important for explaining differences between distant pop&not;ulations.

scholarly journals Development of Brain Balancing System for Left and Right Hemispheres

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Karen Chua ◽  
Zheng You Lim ◽  
Kok Swee Sim ◽  
Shing Chiang Tan
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Color Code ◽  
Brain Dominance ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

This paper presents the design of Mini Brain Games (MBGs) to improve either the left or right hemisphere of the brain. The MBG includes spot the difference, piano, block view, word building, word scrambler, sudoku, left hand control, memory card, flash card, crossword, math logic and mnemonics technique used for the order of operations in algebra, the planets in solar system, and resistor color code. Stroop test and brain dominance test are used to measure the level of balance between the two hemispheres of the brain before and after the exercise program. The mini brain games designed in the Brain Balancing System Windows Application are shown to improve the balance between the left and right hemisphere of the brain. The results show that the mini brain games are indeed able to assist in the left or right brain development. The largest improvement achieved is that the percentage of dominance between the two brain hemispheres is reduced by 18.18%. The smallest improvement achieved was that the difference between the two brain hemispheres was reduced by 9.08%.

scholarly journals The Opercular-Subopercular Syndrome: Four Cases with Review of the Literature

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bakar ◽  
H. S. Kirshner ◽  
F. Niaz
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Cortical Lesions ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
Opercular Syndrome ◽  
Ct Brain ◽  
Bilateral Lesions ◽  
The Brain

We present four cases of the ‘opercular syndrome’ of volitional paresis of the facial, lingual, and laryngeal muscles (bilateral facio-glosso-pharyngo-masticatory paresis). Case histories and CT brain images are presented, along with a review of the literature concerning this long-recognized but little-known syndrome. The neuroanatomic basis of the syndrome classically involves bilateral lesions of the frontal operculum. We propose, on the basis of our cases and others, that the identical syndrome can arise from lesions of the corticobulbar tracts, not involving the cortical operculum. Our cases included one with bilateral subcortical lesions, one with a unilateral left opercular lesion and a possible, non-visualized right hemisphere lesion, one with unilateral cortical and unilateral subcortical pathology, and one with bilateral cortical lesions. These lesion localizations suggest that any combination of cortical or subcortical lesions of the operculum or its connections on both sides of the brain can produce a syndrome indistinguishable from the classical opercular syndrome. We propose the new term ‘opercular-subopercular syndrome’ to encompass cases with predominantly or partially subcortical lesions.

scholarly journals Parietal area BA7 integrates motor programs for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 624-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Le ◽  
Michael Vesia ◽  
Xiaogang Yan ◽  
J. Douglas Crawford ◽  
Matthias Niemeier
Keyword(s):  
Bimanual Coordination ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brodmann Area ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Area 7 ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Skillful interaction with the world requires that the brain uses a multitude of sensorimotor programs and subroutines, such as for reaching, grasping, and the coordination of the two body halves. However, it is unclear how these programs operate together. Networks for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination might converge in common brain areas. For example, Brodmann area 7 (BA7) is known to activate in disparate tasks involving the three types of movements separately. Here, we asked whether BA7 plays a key role in integrating coordinated reach-to-grasp movements for both arms together. To test this, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt BA7 activity in the left and right hemispheres, while human participants performed a bimanual size-perturbation grasping task using the index and middle fingers of both hands to grasp a rectangular object whose orientation (and thus grasp-relevant width dimension) might or might not change. We found that TMS of the right BA7 during object perturbation disrupted the bimanual grasp and transport/coordination components, and TMS over the left BA7 disrupted unimanual grasps. These results show that right BA7 is causally involved in the integration of reach-to-grasp movements of the two arms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our manuscript describes a role of human Brodmann area 7 (BA7) in the integration of multiple visuomotor programs for reaching, grasping, and bimanual coordination. Our results are the first to suggest that right BA7 is critically involved in the coordination of reach-to-grasp movements of the two arms. The results complement previous reports of right-hemisphere lateralization for bimanual grasps.

Mapping the Brain for Math

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Salillas ◽  
Carlo Semenza
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Dominant Hemisphere ◽  
Quantity Representation ◽  
Integrative View ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The Brain

Brain stimulation techniques allow for the search of crucial areas for a given function. Not always convergent with neuroimaging, TMS studies have targeted parietal areas critical for quantity representation, spatio-numerical links, numerical and non-numerical quantity, finger gnosis and calculation. TMS data indicate the intraparietal sulcus and surrounding areas in the left and right hemisphere as crucial for quantity processing, although left hemisphere might be dominant. Bilateral parietal loci are essential for calculation and bilateral parietal areas are behind the spatio-numerical link, which extends to frontal and posterior parietal sites. DCE studies to date have focused on the dominant hemisphere, have used calculation tasks and have found both dissociation and overlap between operations. An integrative view of positive findings and a focus on convergence and possible improvement is proposed. Although regularities are found between these techniques, more research is needed before arriving at conclusions that will have basic and clinical importance.

THE EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE TWO PRIMARY MOTOR AREAS IN THE BRAIN DURING BILATERAL TAPPING OF HAND FINGERS

2012 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
pp. 398-405
Author(s):  
A. N. YUSOFF ◽  
K. A. HAMID
Keyword(s):  
Causal Model ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Causal Modeling ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Dynamic Causal Model ◽  
The Brain

Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was implemented on datasets obtained from an externally-triggered finger tapping functional MRI experiment performed by 5 male and female subjects. The objective was to model the effective connectivity between two significantly activated primary motor regions (M1). The left and right hemisphere M1s are found to be effectively and bidirectionally connected to each other. Both connections are modulated by the stimulus-free contextual input. These connectivities are however not gated (influenced) by any of the two M1s, ruling out the possibility of the non-linear behavior of connections between both M1s. A dynamic causal model was finally suggested.

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