Anthropogenic Mineral Supply through a Circular Economy Approach Has Potential to Meet Chinese Resource Consumption

An increasingly large quantity of primary mineral resource is being converted into manufactured products and destined for solid waste disposal. This material can be reclassified as “anthropogenic mineral reserves” and be a potential source of metals for a range of manufacturing uses. China is implementing a range of policy interventions which can lead to such a classification that will raise the profile of recycling programs as a means of metal supply. China is not only a major producer of consumer products and importer of secondary metals, but also has a major urban infrastructure footprint. Here we consider three product groups, 30 products, and imports, and map the recycling potential of anthropogenic mineral and 23 types of the capsulated materials by targeting their evolution from 2010 to 2050. Total weight of anthropogenic mineral on average in China reached 39 Mt in 2010, but it will double in 2022 and quadruple in 2045. Stocks of precious metals and rare earths will increase faster than most base materials. The total economic potential in yearly-generated anthropogenic mineral is anticipated to grow markedly from 100 billion US$ in 2020 to 400 billion US$ in 2050. Anthropogenic mineral of around 20 materials will be able to meet projected consumption of three product groups by 2050, due to high availability of recycled content and gradual saturation of consumption. Durability of material usage and the concomitant stock of the anthropogenic mineral remain major challenges in determining the viability of this supply in the second half of the coming century.

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Eco-Friendly Recycling Potential of Microwave Melting for the Recovery of Useful and Precious Metals from E-Waste

Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Ambientum ◽

10.24193/subbambientum.2018.2.04 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 39-52

Author(s):

Daniela Violeta Dumitrescu ◽

◽

Vasile Soare ◽

Ionuţ Constantin ◽

Marian Burada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Precious Metals ◽

Recycling Potential

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The Recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Review of Issues for Indian Pharmaceutical Exports

Foreign Trade Review ◽

10.1177/0015732520926329 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 418-435

Author(s):

Aaheli Ahmed ◽

Debashis Chakraborty ◽

Ranajoy Bhattacharyya

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Policy Framework ◽

Global Competitiveness ◽

Export Policy ◽

Policy Interventions ◽

Medical Supplies ◽

The World ◽

Major Producer ◽

Policy Adjustments ◽

Theoretical Standpoint

The world today is facing a major challenge in adjusting to the adverse effects of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) spread. Meeting the demand for several key drugs and preventive medical supplies has emerged as major concern in many countries. India has over the years consolidated its position as a major producer and exporter of not only bulk drugs and formulations but also other medical provisions and equipment. The present commentary makes an attempt to understand the possible trade opportunities for India’s pharmaceutical sector in light of the recent export policy interventions. An analysis of the recent export policy adjustments reflects the evolving attitude of the country towards domestic risk perception and commitment to support other countries. The trade opportunities for India are analysed next with the help of select trade indices, and it appears that there is significant scope for enhancing India’s global competitiveness in several product groups. The evolving trends have then been judged by exploring their plausible implications from a theoretical standpoint. It has been concluded that in order to meet the growing world demands for these products, India needs to enhance productivity of the upstream segments through a rigorous policy framework. JEL: F10, F13, I18

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Biotechnological Recycling of Precious Metals Sourced from Post-consumer Products

Proceedings of the 3rd Pan American Materials Congress - The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-52132-9_47 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 467-476

Author(s):

Norizoh Saitoh ◽

Toshiyuki Nomura ◽

Yasuhiro Konishi

Keyword(s):

Precious Metals ◽

Consumer Products

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Planning the location of facilities to implement a reverse logistic system of post-consumer packaging using a location mathematical model

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x17730431 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (12) ◽

pp. 1254-1265 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Claudia Lima Couto ◽

Liséte Celina Lange ◽

Rodrigo de Alvarenga Rosa ◽

Paula Rogeria Lima Couto

Keyword(s):

Reverse Logistics ◽

Social Inclusion ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Medium Size ◽

Cost Ratio ◽

Revenue Optimization ◽

Logistics Systems ◽

Reverse Logistic ◽

Recycling Potential

The implementation of reverse logistics systems (RLS) for post-consumer products provides environmental and economic benefits, since it increases recycling potential. However, RLS implantation and consolidation still face problems. The main shortcomings are the high costs and the low expectation of broad implementation worldwide. This paper presents two mathematical models to decide the number and the location of screening centers (SCs) and valorization centers (VCs) to implement reverse logistics of post-consumer packages, defining the optimum territorial arrangements (OTAs), allowing the inclusion of small and medium size municipalities. The paper aims to fill a gap in the literature on RLS location facilities that not only aim at revenue optimization, but also the participation of the population, the involvement of pickers and the service universalization. The results showed that implementation of VCs can lead to revenue/cost ratio higher than 100%. The results of this study can supply companies and government agencies with a global view on the parameters that influence RLS sustainability and help them make decisions about the location of these facilities and the best reverse flows with the social inclusion of pickers and serving the population of small and medium-sized municipalities.

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Tokenization of assets and products

Russian journal of resources conservation and recycling ◽

10.15862/10inor220 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Oleg Rudzeyt ◽

Anton Nedyak ◽

Artem Zainetdinov

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Precious Metals ◽

The United States ◽

Financial Instruments ◽

Secondary Markets ◽

Blockchain Technology ◽

Manufactured Products ◽

Bank Checks ◽

Physical Assets ◽

Physical Asset

This article is about tokenization of assets and products based on blockchain technology. Tokenization continues the idea of securities, but only in the field of digital technologies. Various financial instruments have long been used that eliminate the risks of turnover of valuable physical assets, such as precious metals, by replacing them with less valuable equivalents. This is, for example, the use of banknotes and coins made of non-precious metals, Bank checks, and so on. Tokenization allows you to convert rights to a valuable physical asset into a digital token. The objects of tokenization can be real estate, various securities, manufactured products or raw materials, and so on. Such a token can be put into circulation on primary and secondary markets, as well as, often, «cashed» – that is, it can be exchanged from the manufacturer for the corresponding products. An important feature of tokenization is the ability to divide the value of indivisible assets, such as art and collectibles. This allows you to attract investors with small capital and makes it easier to benefit from initially expensive and low-liquid assets. However, this technology has a number of problems. The main problem with tokenization is that there is still no clear regulation of these digital assets in all countries of the world. In the United States, for example, tokens are often equated with securities. In Germany, it is considered that each case of tokenization should be considered separately, but tokens that grant rights similar to those granted by traditional shares are classified as financial instruments and are subject to appropriate regulation. In the future, after the problems are resolved, tokenization can replace the traditional way of representing the value of physical assets – securities, and also become a convenient financial tool for trading products and assets.

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Harvested Wood Products as a Carbon Sink in China, 1900–2016

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16030445 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 445

Author(s):

Luyang Zhang ◽

Yankun Sun ◽

Tianyuan Song ◽

Jiaqi Xu

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Carbon Sink ◽

Wood Products ◽

Solid Waste Disposal ◽

Address Climate Change ◽

Harvested Wood Products ◽

Carbon Stock Change ◽

Major Producer ◽

Stock Change

The use of harvested wood products (HWPs) influences the carbon flux. China is both the major producer and trader of HWP, so estimating the carbon stock change of China’s HWP is important to help curb climate change. Accurate reporting and accounting of carbon flows in the HWP pool is needed to meet greenhouse gas monitoring and climate change mitigation objectives under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. This study applied production approach (PA) to estimate the carbon stock change of China’s HWP from 1900 to 2016. During the estimating period, the carbon stock of HWP in use and deposed at solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) were 649.2 Teragrams Carbon (TgC) (346.8 TgC in wood-based panels, 216.7 TgC in sawnwood and 85.7 TgC in paper & paperboard) and 72.6 TgC, respectively. The carbon amount of annual domestic harvest HWP varied between 87.6 and 118.7 TgC. However, the imported carbon inflow increased significantly after the 1990s and reached 47.6 TgC in 2016, accounting for 46% of the domestic harvest of that year. China has great mitigation potential from HWP and use of this resource should be considered in future strategies to address climate change.

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Ultrastructural changes in murine lymphoma cells exposed to ultraviolet-A radiation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010008482x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 104-105

Author(s):

Delma P. Thomas ◽

Dianne E. Godar

Keyword(s):

Medical Devices ◽

Blood Cells ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Ultraviolet A ◽

Uv Spectrum ◽

Lymphoma Cells ◽

Murine Lymphoma ◽

Transmission Electron

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from all three waveband regions of the UV spectrum, UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVC (200-290 nm), can be emitted by some medical devices and consumer products. Sunlamps can expose the blood to a considerable amount of UVR, particularly UVA and/or UVB. The percent transmission of each waveband through the epidermis to the dermis, which contains blood, increases in the order of increasing wavelength: UVC (10%) < UVB (20%) < UVA (30%). To investigate the effects of UVR on white blood cells, we chose transmission electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure changes in L5178Y-R murine lymphoma cells.

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