scholarly journals A New Spacetime Symmetry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Fredericks
Keyword(s):  
Maxwell's Equations ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Lorentz Transformations ◽  
Spacetime Symmetry ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
General Relativistic ◽  
Particle Tracks ◽  
Scale Transformations ◽  
Possible Cause

Based on detection of elliptic particle tracks, $\simeq 137^2 n^2$ bigger than Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits, indicating the possible detection of superluminal electrons masquerading as magnetic monopoles, a new structure emerges leading to: (i) a new set of seven elementary lengths; (ii) replacement of the usual motion (Lorentz) transformations by scale transformations between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames; (iii) equivalence of charge between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames based on the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (iv) a relativistic foundation for the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (v) a possible cause of charge quantization; and (vi) the prospect of symmetry in Maxwell's equations. If the elliptic particle tracks are viewed as a magnification of electron orbits, the effect is suggestive of a spacetime distortion such as those predicted in general relativistic theories.

scholarly journals A New Spacetime Symmetry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Fredericks
Keyword(s):  
Maxwell's Equations ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Lorentz Transformations ◽  
Spacetime Symmetry ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
General Relativistic ◽  
Particle Tracks ◽  
Scale Transformations ◽  
Possible Cause

Based on detection of elliptical particle tracks, $\simeq 137^2 n^2$ bigger than Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits, indicating the possible detection of superluminal electrons masquerading as magnetic monopoles, new relations become accessible leading to: (i) a new set of seven elementary lengths; (ii) replacement of the usual motion (Lorentz) transformations by scale transformations between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames; (iii) equivalence of charge between $v^2<c^2$ and $v^2>c^2$ frames based on the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (iv) a relativistic foundation for the Dirac-Schwinger quantization condition; (v) a possible cause of charge quantization; and (vi) the prospect of symmetry in Maxwell's equations. If the elliptical particle tracks are viewed as a magnification of electron orbits, the effect is suggestive of a spacetime distortion such as those predicted in general relativistic theories.

scholarly journals Elliptical Tracks: Evidence for Superluminal Electrons?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Fredericks
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Semi Major Axis ◽  
Relativistic Mass ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Particle Tracks

In the literature of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), particle tracks in photographic emulsions (and other materials) associated with certain electrical discharges have been reported. Some Russian and French researchers have considered these particles to be magnetic monopoles. These tracks correspond directly to tracks created with a simple uniform exposure to photons without an electrical discharge source. This simpler method of producing tracks supports a comprehensive exploration of particle track properties. Out of 750 exposures with this method, elliptical particle tracks were detected, 22 of which were compared to Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits. Ellipses fitted to the tracks were found to have quantized semi-major axis sizes with ratios of ≈n2/α2 to corresponding Bohr-Sommerfeld hydrogen ellipses. This prompts inquiry relevant to magnetic monopoles due to the n2/α2 force difference between magnetic charge and electric charge using the Schwinger quantization condition. A model using analogy with the electron indicates that the elliptical tracks could be created by a bound magnetically charged particle with mass mm = 1.45 × 10-3 eV/c2, yet with superluminal velocities. Using a modified extended relativity model, mm becomes the relativistic mass of a superluminal electron, with m0 = 5.11 × 10-3 eV/c2, the fine structure constant becomes a mass ratio and charge quantization is the result of two states of the electron.

scholarly journals Elliptical Tracks: Evidence for Superluminal Electrons?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Fredericks
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Semi Major Axis ◽  
Relativistic Mass ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Particle Tracks

In the literature of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), particle tracks in photographic emulsions (and other materials) associated with certain electrical discharges have been reported. Some Russian and French researchers have considered these particles to be magnetic monopoles. These tracks correspond directly to tracks created with a simple uniform exposure to photons without an electrical discharge source. This simpler method of producing tracks supports a comprehensive exploration of particle track properties. Out of 750 exposures with this method, elliptical particle tracks were detected, 22 of which were compared to Bohr-Sommerfeld electron orbits. Ellipses fitted to the tracks were found to have quantized semi-major axis sizes with ratios of ≈n2/α2 to corresponding Bohr-Sommerfeld hydrogen ellipses. This prompts inquiry relevant to magnetic monopoles due to the n2/α2 force difference between magnetic charge and electric charge using the Schwinger quantization condition. A model using analogy with the electron indicates that the elliptical tracks could be created by a bound magnetically charged particle with mass mm = 1.45 × 10-3 eV/c2, yet with superluminal velocities. Using a modified extended relativity model, mm becomes the relativistic mass of a superluminal electron, with m0 = 5.11 × 10-3 eV/c2, the fine structure constant becomes a mass ratio and charge quantization is the result of two states of the electron.

scholarly journals Ions, Protons, and Photons as Signatures of Monopoles

Universe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Vento
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Charge ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Dirac Quantization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Charged Ions

Magnetic monopoles have been a subject of interest since Dirac established the relationship between the existence of monopoles and charge quantization. The Dirac quantization condition bestows the monopole with a huge magnetic charge. The aim of this study was to determine whether this huge magnetic charge allows monopoles to be detected by the scattering of charged ions and protons on matter where they might be bound. We also analyze if this charge favors monopolium (monopole–antimonopole) annihilation into many photons over two photon decays.

THE EXTRA GAUGE SYMMETRY OF STRING DEFORMATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETISM WITH CHARGES AND DIRAC MONOPOLES

1992 ◽  
Vol 07 (19) ◽  
pp. 4693-4705 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KLEINERT
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Symmetry ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Gauge Transformations ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Particle Orbits ◽  
Local Gauge Invariance ◽  
Physical Consequences

We point out that electromagnetism with Dirac magnetic monopoles harbors an extra local gauge invariance called monopole gauge invariance. The gauge transformations act on a gauge field of monopoles [Formula: see text] and are independent of the ordinary electromagnetic gauge invariance. The extra invariance expresses the physical irrelevance of the shape of the Dirac strings attached to the monopoles. The independent nature of the new gauge symmetry is illustrated by comparison with two other systems, superfluids and solids, which are not gauge-invariant from the outset but which nevertheless possess a precise analog of the monopole gauge invariance in their vortex and defect structure, respectively. The extra monopole gauge invariance is shown to be responsible for the Dirac charge quantization condition 2eg/ħc=integer, which can now be proved for any fixed particle orbits, i.e. without invoking fluctuating orbits which would correspond to the standard derivation using Schrödinger wave functions. The only place where quantum physics enters in our theory is by admitting the action to jump by 2πħ×integer without physical consequences when moving the string at fixed particle orbits.

scholarly journals Quaternionic electrodynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (39) ◽  
pp. 2050327
Author(s):  
Sergio Giardino
Keyword(s):  
Poynting Vector ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Energy Tensor ◽  
Stress Energy Tensor ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Electrodynamic Force ◽  
Quantization Rule ◽  
Dirac Monopole ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Stress Energy

We develop a quaternionic electrodynamics and show that it naturally supports the existence of magnetic monopoles. We obtained the field equations, the continuity equation, the electrodynamic force law, the Poynting vector, the energy conservation, and the stress-energy tensor. The formalism also enabled us to generalize the Dirac monopole and the charge quantization rule.

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